Friday, May 31, 2019

The Legality of Child Pornography Essay -- Child Pornography Debate Es

The Legality of Child Pornography Child pornography is an ongoing issue as technology progresses in todays world. Now in that respect are ways to produce sister pornography without actually using a real tyke. While there are acts and laws to nourish the children, there are still many unsatisfied population on each side of the issue. There are people who deal the braggy entertainment companies, who produce the child pornography they believe that their First Amendment rights are being violated with current acts and laws against it. There are also people who think that the current laws are not strict enough and that they need to outlaw all types of child pornography. It is necessary for all sides of the issue to be considered and for the attach people to take suitable actions to determine the outcome and final decision concerning child pornography.While the First Amendment protects many things, one thing it does not protect is any form of child pornography. That is, any co ntent that shows children, under the age of sixteen, engaged in any form of sexual activity. The question of the legality of child pornography first appeared in 1982, in the case of New York vs. Ferber. It was decided that the creation, promotion and distribution of child pornography was illegal. Also, it is illegal to falsely persuade children into playing sexual acts. There are some images still that are protected by the First Amendment that could still be considered child pornography, depending on their use. For instance, images of child genitals are legal in medical books, but if these same images are put on an adult website, the courts would most likely rule them illegal (AdultWebLaw, 2002). In any case, child pornography is an ongoing cont... ...rosecute the adult entertainment companies because they are not breaking any laws. Until the Supreme Court rules that any form of child pornography is illegal, there will be no changes in the current standing of this issue. Child pornography, not involving children at the age of sixteen and under, is legal and exercises the adult entertainment industrys right to free speech.Works CitedBaase, Sara. (2003). A Gift of Fire Social, legal, and ethical issues for computers and the Internet. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey Pearson development Inc.Child Pornography. (1998-2002). AdultWebLaw. Retrieved May 21, 2004 from http//www.adultweblaw.com/laws/childporn.htmChild Pornography Prevention Act. (2001, February 6). Evanston, IL Jean Goodwin. Retrieved May 21, 2004 fromhttp//faculty-web.at.nwu.edu/commstud/freespeech/cont/cases/morphed.html

Thursday, May 30, 2019

Colonization of America Essay examples -- American History Colonial Ne

Colonization of AmericaAlthough New England and the Chesapeake region were both settled by people of English origin, by 1700 the regions have evolved into dickens new distinct societies. Why did this difference in development occur? When first English settlers began arriving in America in the 1700s they mainly settled in two regions - New England and the Chesapeake. Even though both groups of people were English by origin, they had developed two very different societies. Each group had its own beliefs and expectations of what they will find in this new world, and the results of their settlement were very different as well. When the transport headed for Virginia leftfield England in 1635, it was filled mostly with men in their twenties and thirties. The ships name - Merchants Hope very much explains the reason for which these people were heading to the New World. They were feeling to find gold, silver and other riches there. Almost all of them had left their families in England to go forth with this opportunity for profit. These people did not think close permanently settling there, and very few of them had prepared for this trip as a whole. Over half of the people had died during the trip. Captain John Smith utter There was no talkbut dig gold, wash gold, refine gold, load gold, (History of Virginia). This statement basically summarizes what was happening in Virginia after the ship had arrived. Even though there was no gold found, many people established such indus...

Wednesday, May 29, 2019

Man + Woman = Family :: same sex marriage, argument

Man + Wo man = FamilyThe Catholic bishops of Alaska feed urged their people to approve a stateconstitutional amendment declaring that a sound marriage may exist between one man and one woman. A decision made last February by Supreme Court enounce Peter Michalski opened the door to change the nature of marriage. It dismisses male andfemale depend onuality as an important role in marriage. It eliminates the possibility of the procreation of children. It changes too the meaning of family (National Catholic Reporter, 1998). If aforesaid(prenominal)-sex marriages are legalized, we will soon forget what a real family should consist of. It is very important to realize the importance of a man and a womans sexuality when in wedlock. When God created man and woman, he made a special contour of the two bodies to come unneurotic and interlock in a comfortable position. When the opposites do come together a child is soon after born. This is not possible with two of the samesex.To have a c hild come into the world is one of the greatest things in life. When two people share equally, this phenomenon of childbirth, it naturally bonds a husband and married woman together forever. If you married the same sex and adopted a child you would never experience that type of a bond.Since the beginning of time a family channelize has had a man and a woman resting at the peak. Sexual relations between a man and a woman will keep the manoeuver full of branches for many years to come. When the same sex get married it will eliminate the growth of new branches. Eventually, the roots will be at rest(p) and the tree will die. Fortunately for me, my family tree is full of strong branches, and it gets bigger and bigger each year.In my short time on this Earth, I have found out why it is important for a man and a woman to be united as one. There are a chain reactor of differences between the two sexes. In a same-sex marriage, the opportunity to enjoy those differences will cease to exis t. I know this because I am married to the opposite sex myself. Together we have found out just how different a man and a woman really are.

Molecular Switches :: essays research papers fc

     We cognise in the technology age. Nearly everyone in the States has a computer or at least access to one. How big are the computers you are used to? Most are about 7" by 17" by 17". Thats a lot of space. These cumbersome units will soon be replaced by something smaller. Much smaller, were talking about computers based on lone molecules. As far off as this sounds, scientists are already making significant inraods into researching the feasability of this.     Our present technology is composed of solid-state microelectronics based upon semiconductors. In the past few years, scientists have made momentus discoveries. These advances were in molecular scale electronics, which is based on the idea that molecules can be made into transistors, diodes, conductors, and other components of microcircuits. (Scientific American) dying July, researchers from Hewlitt-Packard and the University of California at Los Angeles announced that the y had made an electronic switch of a layer of several million molecules and rotaxane.           "Rotaxane is a pseudorotaxane. A pseudorotaxane is a           compound consisting of cyclic moles go by a linear           molecule. It also has no covalant interaction. In rotaxane,           there are bulky blocking groups at each end of the threaded           molecule." (Scientific American)The researchers linked many of these switches and came up with a rudimentary AND gate. An AND gate is a device which preforms a basic logic function. As much of an achievement as this was, it was only a baby step. This million-moleculed switch was too large to be useful and could only be used once.      In 1999, researchers at Yale University created molecular retentivene ss out of just one molecule. This is thought to be the "last step down in size" of technology because smaller units are not economical. The computer storage was created through a process called "self-assembly". "Self-assembly" is where computer engineers "grow" parts and interconnections with chemicals. (Physics News Update, 1999) This single molecule memory is better than the conventional silicon memory (DRAM) because the it live around one million times longer.            "With the single molecule memory, all a general-purpose           ultimate molecular computer needs now is a reversible single           molecule switch," says vibrating reed (the head researcher of the           team.) "I anticipate we will see a demonstration of one very        &nb sp  soon." (Yale, 1999)Reed was correct. Within a year, Cees Dekker and his colleagues at Delft University of Technology in the Netherlands had produced the first single molecule transistor.

Tuesday, May 28, 2019

King of Kings :: social issues

King of KingsEven though the people of Israel were under the attractorship of the almighty divinity, they were non pleased. They wanted a human power, mortal fallible and imperfect to lead them. Even then, God was forgiving and appointed a human tabby over them. As I intend to prove, kingship was not a wakeless thing for the nation of Israel because kings were corrupt and sinful. They imposed harsh labors and laws on the people who followed them. But most importantly, by having a king, they were turning their backs on God. There were a a few(prenominal) benefits that came from having a king, but these proved to be an illusion. Many will argue that a king was good for Israel. Proponents for a king argue that kings brought political stability to the country. By imposing taxes and labors, they argue that the economic stability of the country was established. A king would unite all the tribes of Israel into a integrity country under his leadership. A human king was someone whom all the people could approach and talk to, whereas God exclusively appeared to a select few people. While David was king over Israel, the kingdom reached its peak in territory and conquests. He captured the strongholds of Zion and Jerusalem 2 cities which held great importance to the people of Israel. Solomon, with the knowledge God gave him, was perhaps the wisest man of his time. He was a great arbiter of justice and the depths of his knowledge amazed all who came to seek his counsel. A king was also the leader of the army and would lead his troops into battle. Even though these were beneficial aspects of having a king, they did not overcome the negative aspects of kingship. I will argue that having a king was bad for the nation of Israel. I will refute the arguments that supporters of a king. Even though the Israelites made many territorial conquests under the leadership of King David, these gains would only be temporary. They would later lose much of the lands they gained. Davi d, though he was a good king, also sinned against God. He coveted anothers wife and indirectly had her husband killed. Even though Solomon was wise, all his wisdom could not prevent him from sinning against God. A king and his reign are not permanent. A good king may sit on the throne, but he will die, and the king who follows him may not be a good king at all.

King of Kings :: social issues

King of KingsEven though the mickle of Israel were under the leading of the almighty God, they were not pleased. They wanted a valet king, someone fallible and imperfect to lead them. Even then, God was forgiving and appointed a human king over them. As I intend to prove, kingship was not a good thing for the nation of Israel because kings were corrupt and sinful. They imposed harsh labors and laws on the people who followed them. But most importantly, by having a king, they were turning their backs on God. There were a few benefits that came from having a king, but these proved to be an illusion. Many leave behind argue that a king was good for Israel. Proponents for a king argue that kings brought political stability to the earth. By imposing taxes and labors, they argue that the economic stability of the country was established. A king would unite all the tribes of Israel into a single country under his leadership. A human king was someone whom all the people could hail and talk to, whereas God only appeared to a select few people. While David was king over Israel, the kingdom reached its peak in territory and conquests. He captured the strongholds of Zion and capital of Israel 2 cities which held great importance to the people of Israel. Solomon, with the knowledge God gave him, was perhaps the wisest man of his time. He was a great arbiter of justice and the depths of his knowledge astounded all who came to seek his counsel. A king was too the leader of the army and would lead his troops into battle. Even though these were beneficial aspects of having a king, they did not keep down the negative aspects of kingship. I will argue that having a king was bad for the nation of Israel. I will refute the arguments that supporters of a king. Even though the Israelites make many territorial conquests under the leadership of King David, these gains would only be temporary. They would later lose much of the lands they gained. David, though he was a good king, also sinned against God. He coveted anothers wife and indirectly had her husband killed. Even though Solomon was wise, all his wisdom could not prevent him from sinning against God. A king and his reign are not permanent. A good king may sit on the throne, but he will die, and the king who follows him may not be a good king at all.

Monday, May 27, 2019

Mcdonalds vs Kentucky Fried Chicken Essay

Kentucky Fried Chicken (KFC) and McDonalds, which one do you prefer? Actually, they both serve delicious fast food. McDonalds focuses primarily on hamburgers and fried wimp but KFC does wraps, salads or sometimes pies and kebabs. they be hazards to health. In the Middle East they sell halal food. McDonalds and KFC live with similar types of food, popularity and history.McDonalds and KFC both are global fast food chains but they have a really different history. Harland Sandors known as Colonel Sanders founded KFC. Ray Kroc created McDonalds However, McDonalds logo is smiling cuckoo wheres KFC logo is the founder of KFC.McDonalds and KFC both serve fast food. McDonalds most common items are hamburgers, cheeseburgers, chicken nuggets, fries, salads, and shakes they also serve breakfast items and childrens meals. however, KFC chicken are crunchy and it is delicious. The chicken comes in original and spicy flavor. McDonalds burgers it consist of the Big Mac, Chicken Burger, double Bee f burger and others.Both KFC and McDonalds are international companies. they are universal and have their own market. As you can see McDonalds and KFC are obviously really popular Still McDonalds operate their businesses for 24 hours for local consumers. As KFC doesnt yet KFC and McDonalds had been broadcasted through television, newspapers and magazines. However, McDonalds and KFC actually have many similarities like their polite attitude and their extremely fast food.Be it McDonalds or KFC, you will surely have a great meal. But they both are hazardous to health. The ministry of health had been experimenting both McDonalds and KFC and they discovered that they discovered that they have a lot of oil and fats in it, so people have been debating about it the fats and oil that are in both the restaurant. Besides I prefer McDonalds because there is more choice on the menu, and its better value than KFC. McDonalds is cheaper than KFC and McDonalds tastes much better than KFC and some pe ople have other opinion about that.

Sunday, May 26, 2019

Management and Supply Flow Project: VWoA Case

Matulovic, the new CIO, has two primary concerns at VWoA defining governance and establishing development process directives. However, Matulovic is in a difficult situation he faces inadequate funding, new origin architecture and increasing pressure from his peers. His circumstances are predictable given the history of IT consideration, by VWoA, as a solution of overhead and the highly unpredictable U.S. market for Volkswagen Group. Matulovics biggest hurdle is in regards to the capped funding that has been determined by the parent troupe (Volkswagen Audi Group). VWAG allotted VWoA single $60 million, out of the requested $210 million, for IT ascertains.Given the scope of VWoA initiatives, the amount is far from adequate. However, at the time, there were no additional funds available. The procedure for deciding which projects give come across funding is streamlined by a new prioritization process. This process for managing IT priorities is bit of a new ancestry architecture d esigned to align organizational bodily function with corporate goals and strategy. During the first few years of any new policy or procedure there are bound to be unforeseen complications. The largest germ was how the new process did non account for behind the curtain programs such as the intercontinental Supply Flow Project.The Supply Flow Project should perfectly receive funding. The cost should not come entirely from VWoA, but allocated amongst the global Volkswagen group of companies. This project is critical to Volkswagens global supply chain caution and their goals. Successful global integration not only promises company wide savings, but plays an underlying role in customer satisfaction and loyalty, the number ace corporate goal. This Supply Flow Project is already underway and needs additional funding for a timely completion. The new funding prioritization process overlooked such programs as this, primarily because the benefits achieved were at the global level. Beca use of the widespread benefits, all global constituents should contribute to the projects financing.Matulovic, along with the supply flow group in Germany, should combine forces and present their case to VWAG for separate and additional funding for the Supply Flow Project. Due to situations like the Supply Flow Projects lacking qualifications to receive adequate funding, opponents claim the new system is too theoretical and may not be conducive to VWoA operations.True or not, this cannot be right determined in the first year of the prioritization process implementation. Furthermore, with a capped spending amount, there are bound to be a few disgruntle individuals whose project did not receive the proper funding. These discontented members of the Executive Leadership Team may not agree, but must realize it is a part of doing business. Furthermore, it is a way of doing business that they all previously agreed to. Matulovic should proceed as formerly agreed, with the business archite cture output blueprint which plays a snappy role in formalizing governance and prioritization processes.1. Who controls the budgets from which IT projects are funded at Volkswagen of America? The budgets for IT projects were controlled through a process that involves several organizational entities that establish priorities. There were four item teams that were involved in this process the ELT (Executive Leadership Team), the ITSC (IT Steering Committee), the PMO (Project Management Office), and the DBC (Digital Business Council.)The ELT was responsible for executing the NRG (Next Round of Growth) strategy in which the IT governance is a part. The ITSC consisted of business and IT managers and was responsible for guiding and approving the process of IT project selection and prioritization. The PMO administered the project proposal and approval process. The DBC was responsible for the project filtering process which decided which projects were most in line with the companies busine ss strategy.2. What is your assessment of the new process for managing priorities at Volkswagen of America? Are the criticisms justified? Is it an improvement over the old process? The new IT antecedence management process was driven by the new IT budget constraint given to VWoA by the parent company VWAG. If the new budgetary constraint was not initiated, it is likely that elements of the former less organized and less centralized method would be maintained.In the end, this may benefit the individual business units, but be perverting to the business as a whole. In creating the new process, Matulovic enabled the business unit managers to work together to make the ends that would effect their departments using the overall company strategy as the driving element. In doing this, he succeeded in involving all of the managers that would be affected by the prioritization system while maintaining the executive leadership teams strategic goals. This new system was a substantial improvemen t over the former system.3. On page 8 we see that $16 million of the $60 budget is for SIB projects, under the spending direction of Matulovic on page 1 we see that some people consider this unfair is it? Should budget be set aside for IT projects? Why? The budget allocated for the SIB (Stay in Business) projects (business continuity and legal) should receive the highest priority.As denoted by the name, if any of these projects are incomplete or fail, the risk to the business is substantial compared to business unit priorities. However, the amount budgeted may be a point that could be questioned. Instead of predetermining the amount required, he should have submitted the SIB to the equivalent process as all of the other projects which would have reduced or eliminated the business unit managers perception that Matulovic was trying to control company strategy.4. How should Matulovic respond to his fellow executives who are calling to ask him for special treatment outside the new pri ority management system? What should Matulovic do about the unfunded Supply Flow project? Matulovic created a well organized system that focused on company goals. His fellow executives were involved in the IT priority decision making and the company expectation is that business unit managers also support company goals.If they think that these goals in relation to their requests does not make sense, then they had the probability in this process to voice their concerns to the one of the process teams (the ELT,ITSC,PMO, and/or the DBC), not to Matulovic himself. Because the Supply Flow project is tied into global strategy, Matulovic should propose that the funding for this project come from VWAG.5. In general, what characteristics should a process for deciding about funding of IT projects have? General characteristics that an IT funding process should have Involve all of those who will be affected by the funding decisions in the process. Align IT funding priorities with company stra tegy. Enable communication in the midst of business units depending on the funding and between those units and executive management.

Saturday, May 25, 2019

Interpersonal communication Essay

Inter individualal communication is defined as an interaction between involving two or more participants, providing immediate feedback to each other. It serves a purpose especially in building affinitys. interpersonal communication is a transactional process. It is not a one way activity like a monologue. Rather, it is interactive, and ongoing. In watching the sitcom, Scrubs, communication doesnt commence when the characters start talking. It starts the moment viewers and actors come face to face in the boob tube. The actors do not fix messages solely through words, but through actions and facial expressions too.For instance, the scrunching face of one actor may already be interpreted by the audience as an expression of disgust or dislike. Interpersonal communication is also ambiguous. The significance of the words articulated is interpreted distinctively by each receiver. The particular run well good news is, I dont have to eat my wifes cooking anymore, right? uttered by the af fected role was understood differently by the pair of doctors standing in his bedside. The female physician laughed so hard because she found it funny, but the male physician furrow his brows.The understanding of a person may be affected by various factors. His culture, personality, upbringing, gender and even intelligence are just some of the reasons for the discrepancy in interpretation. The ambiguity of interpersonal communication is also a cause of dispute. In a lovers feud for example, the female might be fuming mad when his partner chides about her weight. She might take it as a sign that he is not attracted to him anymore. Whereas, the bewildered boyfriends initial final stage was perhaps to make her less conscious of her body by joking about it.In addition, interpersonal communications have a content and relationship dimension. The meaning of a line or phrase is dependent on the context and the circumstance involved. Just like in the sitcom line mentioned above, where the humans commented about his wifes cooking, the connotation will change if the man is not ill and in bed. For me, what he said was meant to make the hospital imagination lighter. But, if he were talking to an attractive woman at a cafe, it might be interpreted as flirting. Interpersonal communication may be viewed as symmetrical or complementary.Symmetry suggests that the behaviour of one person is mirrored by another, while the term complementary refers to contrasting reactions. Both were evident in the sitcom Scrubs. The patient-doctor relationship is usually symmetrical in the show. The physician wants to cure the patients sickness, and the patient wants to be treated. Complementarity arises due to the different power positions. The physician, who is an smart on medical care instructs his patient. The patient oftentimes, becomes a passive receiver of information. When the relationship is complementary, there is a chance that the two parties would intensify each other.For insta nce, when the patient told his doctor that he wanted to get out of bed to see the talent show, the doctor of course declined. The patient looked downcast and ready to protest, but it sullen out that the doctor was only kidding him initially. Interpersonal communication is a series of punctuated events. After each statement or idea, there is a reaction. A person does not respond only after a lengthy narrative is finished, but on each word, sentence or paragraph mentioned. In a sitcom for example, viewers do not watch the whole episode and laugh only when it ends. But, they chuckle on each line that they find funny.In addition, the series of reactions, on when to laugh is arbitrarily set by the viewer. I do not find other dialogues ticklish, and thus I do not giggle a bit, even if others do. However, live sitcoms like Scrubs exploit this aspect by adapting to and adopting the viewers point of view. Since communication is a transactional process, it is blue-blooded to catch the audie nces empathy and adjust to their mood. A laughing spiel is often followed by serious dialogue. Interpersonal communication is inevitable. In a property where interaction is possible, one cannot not communicate.It is hard not to respond to someone who is conveying a message to you. But, I personally find this point earlier contentious. As a television viewer, I sometimes watch simply to absorb information. In watching the weather news, I feel no empathy for what I am hearing. I am simply a passive funnel of ideas. In this sense, the news reporter has given me weather data, but has not create any reaction from me. Interpersonal communication is irreversible. Something that has been said cannot be taken back. The meaning of the words that has been transmitted and digested by the other party cannot be reversed.In sitcoms for instance, if viewers are offended by a racial joke, it is hard to appease them. The only way to do it is through a public apology. Interpersonal communication is unrepeatable. The exact line containing exactly the same words can of course be uttered twice, but the underlying situation is constantly changing and there is no certainty that it can be reconstructed. Due to the unrepeatable aspect of interpersonal communication, one has to be aware of himself. At such, one has to be conscious of using strong words, like hate and giving commitments.

Friday, May 24, 2019

Individual Subjectivity in Toni Morrison’s The Bluest Eye

According to Max Weber in his book, The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism, the individual stoogenot be studied without victorious into account the social context in which the individual lives. By studying the personal influences on the individual in brain, sociologists gain insight into thoughts, feelings, and executeions. Toni Morrison exploits this theory in her novel, The Bluest Eye. Published in 1970, Morrison first novel did not open to much praise. Reprinted many another(prenominal) times everyplace the years, the novel rekindled interest when it was named to the Oprahs Book club.The themes inwardly the novel broke the mold on black literature. Drawing from her own experiences growing up in Ohio, Morrison paints a picture of inner torment and self-annihilation as seen through brown look. Pecola Breedlove takes the stage as the main character. Narrated through many points of view, the story takes the proof commentator on a journey through the lives of many of the influences on Pecolas life. One such major influence is Polly, Pecolas mother. Polly stepped on a nail at two years old and this virgule completely frames her life. Useless in terms of entertainment or beauty, Polly finds comfort in watching films.Each film further concretes her view of black as ugly and inane. It was really a truthful pleasure, but she postulateed all there was to love and all there was to hate, (95). Polly eventually finds herself needing the volatile atmosphere of her marriage ceremony to give her life purpose. She has become a martyr the woman who stands by her man with a damaged foot and sense of purpose. This influence on Pecola scarce furthers her self-image of ugliness. When combined with the story of her father, Cholly, Pecolas external circle of family doomed her from the onset. Chollys story stems completely from the onset of puberty.A ruthless group of white boys observe Cholly during his first sexual act. The boys made him continue in the act while they stood and watched, taunting him with foul language and racial slurs. His slow transformation into a disorganized hater of women begins in that moment. Cholly wanted to strangle her, but instead he touched her leg with his foot, (117). According to Freud in his Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality, this humiliation at the onset of the oedipal stage solidifies Chollys sense of individualism. His evil of power and dignity will stay with him forever, and the novel presents that exact scenario.This humiliation forms the entire basis for Chollys anger and sense of helplessness throughout the novel. During his younger years, Cholly searches for a sense of his personal identity out positioning of that incident. Soon enough, he finds himself in the floortown of Pauline (Polly). stimulate in those brief moments to make his life better, Cholly asks Polly to marry him. The decision will haunt Cholly for the rest of his life. He is not a man made for the family life. When P olly is enceinte with their first child, Cholly changes his ways and begins to drink less. Unfortunately, this change is short lived and he is, once again, back to his old self.Chollys complete defeat essentially stems from that single act of utter humiliation as a boy. The married life has worn him thin. There is no sense of value or kindred spirits within the ugly storefront house. Cholly is as lost as Pecola and her mother. These happenings all ask a great influence on the livelihood of Sammy, Pecolas brother. Sammy runs away from home frequently, only returning to the family when absolutely necessary. That boy is attain somewhere all(prenominal) minute, (148). The effect on Pecola herself spells the lay off of her everyday life, if one can call it normal to begin with.Cholly continues to lose himself in liquor and self-degradation. In the exact opposite of the Freudian theory for the oedipus complex, Cholly begins to see his daughter as the saving affair he has been searc hing for. The ugliness is repeated in the act, with Cholly not having a normal encounter. She tells her mother, who rather than being outraged at the injustice done her daughter, sees the button of her status in life. The very existence of her cheating husband and disconnected family gives her a standard for misery. She can accurately gauge her unhappiness when everything Polly knows is nefariousness and gloomy.In Pecola trying to take away the husband in the picture, Polly stands to lose her framework. She beats Pecola for the admission. Pecola discovers she is pregnant by her father and begins to lose her tenuous grasp on earth here. All her life she has lived in ugliness and filth. Her mother prefers the attentions of the white child belonging to her employers, with her own children calling her Mrs. Breedlove rather than mama. Cholly prefers the bottle to bettering the familys status or even health. The family home is one of a derelict storefront, no comforts or stability.Cho lly at one point even tries to burn the place down, opening the history of Pecola and the MacTeer lady supporters. The atmosphere Pecola grows in revolves in ugliness and distain distain for herself, her race, her parents and even her own eyes. Adults, older girls, shops, magazines, newspapers, window signs all the world had agreed that a blue-eyed, yellow-haired, pink-skinned doll was what every girl child treasured, (14). Even gifts bring a sense of dirtiness to the girls self-image. The MacTeer girls abide come to love Pecola as she presents no direct confrontation for them.When they learn of the baby, the girls spend their own money on marigold seeds and plant them in the backyard, figuring if the marigolds make it, so will the baby. The ugliness of the situation is lost to them. In their bare(a) world, the baby may turn out to be the baby doll they have always received at Christmas, only far better. In the end the marigolds die, as does the baby. These girls are the only o nes who see the situation as all right. More strongly than my fondness for Pecola, I felt a need for psyche to ant the black baby to live just to counteract the universal love of white baby dolls, Shirley Temples and Maureen Peals, (149).This powerful statement shows that at least soulfulness recognizes a value in the black skin of the community. The MacTeers value something that holds no value in their small town. Whiteness is a prized possession. The lighter the skin, the better off the person is. As with the case of Maureen Peal and Rosemary Villanucci. Pecola goes to a local magic man, Soaphead Church, to ask him for blue eyes. She knows if she can only have blue eyes, her world will be a better place. Blue eyes see beautiful things, they are beautiful things, and everyone knows it. The dishonest magician steps all over the purity of her request.Soapchurch tells her if she gives his nuisance of a dog a piece of meat as an offering, he will change her eyes to blue. He poisons the meat, using the girl to kill the dog, who is at her wits end. She gives the dog the meat and when it falls down dead, she runs off truly changed forever. Pecola loses all sense of herself in the end. She speaks to her imaginary friend about the blueness of her eyes, arguing over the depth of the color. The baby is soon lost and her father is long gone. Alone with her mother now, Pecola is moved to the other side of town.She has not found her sense of self, a belonging to the community. She is completely on the outside. This shunning by the community offers each one of them a chance to have a miserable person to point at and say at least that isnt me. In coming to understand Pecola within the context of her community, the reader can visualize their need for her. She offers everyone a chance to point at something uglier than themselves and find relief. In terms of grasping the finer points of Pecola, one must port to her family to grasp the need for beauty in her life.Shirley Te mple represents all that Pecola can never have or be. Even when she finds the opportunity to do a simple task such as buy herself some penny candy, she is shunned because the storeowner, Mr. Yacobowski, hesitates in touching her black skin. His distaste for her is almost a physical object Pecola can feel and see. She has seen it lurking in the eyes of all white people. So. The distaste must be for her, her blackness. All things in her are flux and anticipation. But her blackness is nonoperational and dread.And it is the blackness that accounts for, that creates, the vacuum edged with distaste in white eyes, (37). There is no peace offering for her, no single moment of acceptance or celebration. As Max Weber implies, this shunning and constant invisibility has a direct impact on Pecolas sense of self. She is a non-human in the eyes of many of the townfolk. Her darkness of skin puts her in the darkness of shadow people simply do not see Pecola most of the time. Her skin is too dark to touch, her family is to nasty to visit and her words are too childish to bear.Regarding Cholly, the context of his own adolescence is vital in at least viewing the foundation for his actions. Without the footing on his character, the reader would quickly find his actions murderous and grotesque. However, one is offered a unique opportunity to understand the story from his angle, one of destitution and consistent loss of dignity. His rape of Pecola is not excusable, but his motivations in searching for comfort and normalcy shed light on his chaotic actions. Chollys obvious connection to the Freudian ideas of sexuality and self-image are obvious.This man seeks sexual encounters whenever he can, and women become his vehicle for hate. Again, he is the opposite of Freuds oedipal complex, but in being so, the reader sees his influences on his family, and the worlds influence on him. The white boys ridicule made him who is in this novel. Finally, in trying to see the world from Polly m indset, the reader sees she has vilified herself so far, the reality is all but gone from her as well. The severity of her situation is important to her, giving her a sense of the ugliness as being unconditioned and uncontrollable simply how things are.Mimicked in her acceptance of her employers daughter, Polly accepts the white goodness as equally as she accepts her own races badness. The MacTeer girls internalize the public opinion of the novel. The vilification of black skin affects everyone in the town. The Breedloves are seen as nasty people, blackest of black. When the world has offered only sparse living conditions and unequal opportunities, the community in question derives its own sense of purpose from the given construct. Much as Webers contention that one must consider the whole in smart set to grasp the part, the community is ugly and mean.Their direct influence on the story of the entire cast of characters is obvious and true. Without such a negative stage, perhaps Cholly would have gone on to be a good father figure, Sammy may have stabilized and Pecola could have married for love and raised her babies in a loving home. Separated from the first introduction, the reader senses the desperation in their story, one without hope. In accepting their fate as the downtrodden from the very beginning, the people of Lorain, Ohio found buyback for themselves in the Breedloves.

Thursday, May 23, 2019

Computer Memory Hacking Essay

Hacking of memory or hacking of RAM describes when a someone or person(s) gains unauthorised access to the RAM (random access memory) of a computer system. There a couple of reasons that one might participate in hacking the memory of a computer system. One reason that a person may attempt to gain unauthorized access to a computer is simply to demonstrate that they are capable of doing so. By demonstrating this skill, the hacker (the person gaining unauthorized access) has shown that the security of the computer system can be penetrated.This is often useful when the owner of the computer system wants to ensure its security is optimal. Another reason a person or person(s) would want to access a computer systems RAM without the owners permission would be to gain cultivation from that computer system. That information may or may not include personal data such as names, addresses, telephone numbers, email addresses, credit card information, account numbers, and other pertinent informati on that thieves could use to gain financially.Hackers use many tools and techniques to penetrate the security of the computer system that they choose to attack. Some techniques can include dns spoofing, packet sniffers, social engineering, and fifth column horses. DNS spoofing occurs when the hacker changes the DNS entry on a server and redirects the browser to an alternate site. This method is often used to steal usernames, passwords, or other personal information. mail boat sniffers were originally designed for administrators to debug their systems. They are devices that intercept and interpret packets of information crossing a entanglement. Social engineering is the method of obtaining personal information and network information through deception or manipulation. For example, pretending to be an employee who forgot their username/password. Trojan horse programs are often referred to as the back door to computer systems.

Wednesday, May 22, 2019

A Case Study on: Toyota Revs Up U.S. Sales Essay

Since 1903, Chevrolet or Ford has been the best-selling car brand in the United States until 2002. Between two competitors, Ford is the first position in the trade that year Toyota motor corporation of Japan sold cars nearest to the two competitors and Toyota will pass Ford in the rattling near proximo as because for the forcefulness of its long- bourn planning, modest goal and Toyota developed Strategy that modest growth in Japan, Europe and North America that was biggest opportunities in Southeast Asia notwithstanding unfortunately economics level of Southeast Asia has slowed.The Japanese marketplace is becoming more competitive for Toyota and the firm is losing sales to Honda & Nissan. For recovering this situation, Toyotas manger remember to exploit opportunity fully and Toyota sales more vehicles in the states than in Japan. Than the firm uses corporate level strategy to focus on U. S market this strategy leads the firm into top place in the America market. WE Must Americ anize. Fujio Cho Toyota Motor Corporation Q. 1. List the threats and opportunities that Toyota is facing in its environment. Then list the faculty and weakness of Toyota?See more Satirical elements in the adventure of Huckleberry Finn essayAnswer Basis on the Toyotas business environment, Toyota facing some several(prenominal) threats and opportunities. These are point out in the below Threats 1. The economies level of Southeast Asian countries has slowed. 2. The Japanese market is getting more competitive for Toyota. 3. Toyota is losing sales to Honda and Nissan. 4. ab initio Ford and Chevrolet has been best-selling car brand in the U. S market. Opportunities 1. Exploiting of Toyotas intend in the U. S. market 2. Approaching to local managers in order to Americanize. 3. meaning taxes and current risk are reduced by manufacturing 2/3 of the cars U.S. and keeping revenues and expenses in U. S. dollars. 4. Utilizing American designers to compete effectively in the U. S. market S trengths 1. The effectiveness of Toyotas in long-term planning. 2. Toyota has innovative new product development. 3. The American competitors have been slow to respond to Toyotas threat. 4. As a company, Toyota is beginning to clip better long-term goals. 5. Toyota has accomplished ambitious goals. 6. Toyota do not like new direction and prefer that the firm stick Toyota Way Weaknesses 1. Initially, Toyota had a very conservative approach to goals. 2.Failure to recognize market opportunity to develop a full-size pickup truck. 3. Slowing economies level in Southeast Asian countries.. 4. Traditionalists inside Toyota do not like where the company is headed and want to stick to old ways. 5. Lack of understanding of American preferences at the highest levels of the company. Q. 2. Consider Toyotas U. S auto business. What business level strategy is the firm using? What factors did you rely on in reaching your decision? Answer Toyotas CEO sack that they must Americanize for this purpose the firm is using more American designers for care to be sold in the U.S market. This allows the firm to complete effectively with U. S auto market and to stay in touch with demands of American consumers. To achieve U. S market, the firm is using Geographical corporate level strategy. I relied on in reaching my decision, several distinct factors. These are given below 1. Toyotas business environment 2. Intend to exploit opportunity of Toyotas manager 3. Toyotas corporate level strategy Q. 3. In your opinion, is Toyotas corporate level strategy (to focus on the U. S Market) likely to be effective over the next ten years? Why or why not?Answer yes, I think Toyotas corporate level strategy is definitely to be effective over the next ten years as because it is a company which is known for the effectiveness of its long term planning. Its corporate level strategy gets tremendous success in U. S Market. They are using American designers which will help to compete in the future due to get knowledge of updated consumer demand. It also using overall cost leadership strategy in American market. By considering the above case I think Toyotas corporate level strategy would be effective over the next ten years.

Tuesday, May 21, 2019

A Gllance At Information And Communication Technology Essay

Information and communication engine room (ICT) has become an important tool in all(prenominal) aspects of life. With the development of technology, the introduction of ICT as a tool has essentially brought tremendous revolution to the practices and procedures of nearly all forms of endeavor within business line and governance during the past decades. Consequently, the importance of ICT project concern dealnot be overemphasized since it is the accelerator pedal for successfully carrying out the ICT project. A critical research on the factors influencing the murder of ICT has been conducted as well as the introduction of different evaluation mannikins or frameworks, which be exampled determine if an ICT project is successfully implemented. The last tho not the least, a conclusion and a recommendation are given to prove that the emf values and benefits will be brought by elaborately analyzing those cerebrate factors before implementation and regularly evaluation on the I CT project. T satisfactory of contentIntroductionRecently, the spot of Information and communication technology (ICT) has become more(prenominal) and more important in any forms of fundamental laws and businesses. According to Daniels (2002) ICT has evolved to be one of the basic tool but pervasive among the public within such a short time. Besides, mind the operational mechanism of ICT and mastering the fundamental skills and concepts of ICT are regarded as the basic acquaintance that people now should equip with. However, it seems that many people have the wrong perceptions ofwhat ICTs are its commonly that ICTs generally be referred to computers and computing related activities before the definition of ICT officially clarified by a United Nations report (1999). Also, according to UNESCO ICT could be understood in the way that which is the combination of Informatics technology with other related technology, such as communication technology in particular. In other words, ICT i s a more extended than information technology (IT), ICT not only emphasizes the technology itself, but too highlights the unified communications and the integration of telecommunications, computers furthermore, by using these products such as the enterprise software, middleware, storage, and audio-visual systems, users will be able to access, store, transmit, and manipulate information. Now, we cornerstone find the radio broadcasts, audio conferencing, teleconferencing, email, interactive voice response system, audiocassettes and CD ROMs etc., are various kinds of ICT products available, and those ICT products have been used for different purposes in our daily life, work environment, or common business practices. There are more and more people become aware of the benefits and efficiency brought by the ICT. With that in mind, people are starting paying more attentions on the ICT management issues, such as how to better manage ICT projects, what are those key factors determining th e performance of ICT project, or how to adequately evaluate the performance of ICT project. DiscussionJust as the other project management is, there are various success/bankruptcy factors related to the ICT project management. Here we discuss the roles of attitudes and the alignment amidst ICT and business, which are regarded as twain of the most important key factors in ICT project management. A synonymous literature review is overly preformed in determine to better understand the background. The Roles of AttitudesBased on recent researches on the acceptance and use of ICT project, and related ICT design and development, ICT only brings values to the organization if it is accepted, applied and widely applied by those targeted users. From one of the research (Zhang, P. 2007), the author mentioned two different theories, which the inconformity between these two theories lays in the concepts behind and effects behavioral intention. The theoriesmentioned are Attitude toward ICT as an object (ATO) and Attitude toward using ICT as a behavior (ATB). By definition, ATO is a psychological tendency that is expressed by evaluating a particular entity with some degree of favor or disfavor (Eagly et al. 1998) or, as a combination of appraising(prenominal) judgments about an object (Crites et al. 1994), while ATB is defined as an individuals positive or negative feelings (evaluative affect) about performing the target behavior. (Fishbein et al. 1975) And the conceptual confusions whether attitudes exercise important role in the context of ICT project acceptance and use has been clarified, and there is an interesting evidence showing that the roles of attitudes poop change as the users use of the ICT increases. The Alignment between business and ICTThe literature related to the information and communication technology (ICT) demonstrated that alignment between ICT and business will influence the business performance and effectiveness of the organization in a positive way. (Cumps, B., Viaene, S., Dedene, G., & Vandenbulcke, J 2006) Furthermore, the alignment of business and ICT of an organization is one of the fundamental sustainable factors, which can also be an advantage for an organization. In that case, the organizations should consider establishing specialised ICT management routines in order to obtain better alignment performance scores. Since the role of ICT cannot be underestimated, more and more people want to know whether the ICT really brings values, whether the ICT substantially improved the efficiency, or whether the ICT works as expected. Based on the research, there are several(prenominal) more comprehensive ICT management capability maturity framework developed, such as the ICT management capability maturity framework and ICT Performance type Model. The differences between these two frameworks or models are the focus and the content. ICT management capability maturity frameworkThe framework is a spider diagram, which includes s even indicators ICT Applications, championship-ICT relationship, ICT strategy alignment, ICT user profile, ICT managerial paradigm, ICT governance and ICT organization. Before applying the ICT management capability maturity framework, the users should firstly define the critical processes of their ICT management for each indicator. For each indicator, there are specific process-orientatedevaluation standards, and the users should make judgments for each standard to see whether it fits to the organizations characters, needs, and specific industry. For each applied standard, there are different dimensionalities to assess the maturity of capability. The key function of this framework is to be used as an evaluating tool and a improvement roadmaps that can point out directions for the senior management on ICT and business management in strategies planning in order to sustainably improve, develop, and manage the ICT capability in support of optimized business value delivery. From this ca pability maturity framework, we can clearly see the ICT management capability maturity of an organization as well as its improvement footprint. At the same time, with the use of such framework, the organization can be evaluated on its overall ICT management capability, the comparison analysis between different organizations can be conducted, and even the industrial benchmark can also be made to see the ranking of the organization in the certain industry. ICT Performance adduce ModelICT Performance Reference Model is a model using the reference model principles in the area of ICT management. For better understanding of the meaning of reference model, here the definition of the reference model that Reference model contains relevant structures and relationships among the model elements (process structures, levels, document structures) and also the predefined knowledge (best practice examples) already included in these structures. is used. ICT Performance Reference Model combines the s trengths of mathematical and info modeling techniques for its structure and knowledge management principles for its content namely, it represents the best practices and knowledge in the formalized model structure, and therefore allows easier knowledge replication. The framework of ICT Performance Reference Model includes ICT Management Process, ICT Performance management Methodologies, ICT Performance Measurement Processes, ICT Performance Measures and ICT Performance management Tools and Applications. The performance of ICT project is then be evaluated through these dimensions. With the insinuation of ICT Performance Reference Model, it would be easier to address ICT management related issues including application functionality overlap, technology and knowledge heterogeneity, and constantly changing business pressures. ConclusionFrom the discussion part, we can see that there are different success/failure factors relate to the Information and Communication Technology project mana gement. Each factor cannot be unexpended out from consideration whenever applying an ICT project, namely, the importance of each factor cannot be overestimated, or there would possibly result in an unpleasant outcome. On the other hand, it is also necessary to have the ICT project to be reviewed, or assessed the related management capability maturity periodically. With the regular evaluation, the organization will have better understanding about the current state of the implementation of ICT project, the acceptance level of related personnel, the operation results compared to expected results, and the continuing alignment with organizations strategies. RecommendationsAs we all know that the management of ICT in the enterprise has been increasing in importance and nowadays it is one of the critical success factors of any type of business. In order to ensure sustainable growing of an organization, the use of ICT cannot be avoidable. After the careful research, I recommend the organiz ation should look into every success/failure factors corresponding with the ICT project before implementation, which will largely reduce the risk of carrying out a project and ending in nothing. At the same time, with careful culture on each success/failure factors, the organization will have better understanding of its status quo, its strengths and weakness, which can be a great paint for the design and implementation of the ICT project. In addition to the prior-art research, the ongoing assessment is also important for an ICT project management. In that case, the organization should choose adequate evaluation model or framework with some customized changes in order to fit into the needs of the organization. By doing the regular inspection, the organization can notice the wrong behavior in time and make certain modifications accordingly. Without such safeguard monitor mechanism, it may be too late when the organization realizes the mistakes happening.ReferencesBecker, J., Knackst edt, R., & Pppelbu, D. W. I. J. (2009). Developingmaturity models for IT management. Business & Information Systems Engineering, 1(3), 213-222. Cumps, B., Viaene, S., Dedene, G., & Vandenbulcke, J. (2006, January). An empirical study on business/ICT alignment in European organisations. InSystem Sciences, 2006. HICSS06. Proceedings of the 39th Annual Hawaii International Conference on (Vol. 8, pp. 195a-195a). IEEE. Donnellan, B., Sheridan, C., & Curry, E. (2011). A capability maturity framework for sustainable information and communication technology. IT professional, 13(1), 33-40. Novotn, O. (2009). ICT performance reference model in the context of corporate performance management systems. IDIMT-2009 System and HumansA complex Relationship. Linz Trauner Verlag Universitat, 13-16. Silvius, A. G. (2009, April). Business and IT Alignment What We Know and What We Dont Know. In Information Management and Engineering, 2009. ICIME09. International Conference on (pp. 558-563). IEEE. Zhang, P., & Aikman, S. (2007). Attitudes in ICT acceptance and use. In Human-Computer Interaction. Interaction Design and Usability (pp. 1021-1030). Springer Berlin Heidelberg.

Monday, May 20, 2019

Critical Lens Paper Essay

Joanna Kathleen Rowling once said, It is our choices that turn out what we genuinely are, far more than our abilities. Rowlings words suggest it is our decisions that stage who we really are more than our capabilities. Its not about what we can do or how fast we can shake it done, but its ultimately about the decisions we make to do something or not. Rowlings words are in situation valid. The choices you make in a difficult situation can fundamentally show the people well-nigh you what youre made of and what youre about. Evidence of Rowlings words exist in Ashley Antoinettes invigorated Moth to a fervor through the use of characterization and Sidis novel Fatou An African Girl In Harlem also through the use of characterization. Both Antoinette and Sidis work show that the decisions we make ultimately show who we truly are. Sidi uses the characterization of the Fatou in his novel Fatou An African Girl In Harlem to show that the choices we make fundamentally show who we really ar e.Fatou is the protagonist in the novel. She was brought from African to America at twelve categorys hoar to marry a forty year old man named Lama. Fatou was sold to this man so her family could get laid wealthy in Africa. She always thought America was the land of greatness and freedom until she got there. Her forty year old husband did nothing but abuse her. Fatou wanted nothing more than to get forth from Lama and make a better living for herself. She decided to go to school and get her get her diploma. Moreover, she decided to no longer be someone elses property. The characterization of Fatou in the novel intelligibly shows that your decisions show who we truly are. Instead of being someones slave, Fatou chose to run away and make a better emotional state for herself. Furthermore, she showed everyone around her that shes not property and shes no longer exhalation to be oppressed by her forty year old husband. All things considered, by apply Fatou Sidi shows or choices ar e what show what we truly are, not our capabilities.Ashley Antoinette uses the characterization of guttle in her novel Moth to a Flame to show the decisions we make fundamentally show who we are as a person. feed is the protagonist in the novel. She is the daughter of benne Atkins. At seventeen, Raven began dating a kn avouch stick-up kid named Mizan. Unknown to her, Mizan had diametrical intentions. He wanted to take Ravens father off his throne. Ravens Father, Benny Atkins, was the king of the whole drug scene in Flint, MI and Mizan envied him. Her Father sensed there wasnt something right about Mizan and forbid Raven to see him again. Unfortunately, this only pushed Raven closer to Mizan. From then on, Ravens life began to spiral downward. Her father died, her mother was sent to jail, and she was left to take care of her half a dozen year old sister. Raven and her little sister moved in with Mizan. Shortly after, Mizan started abusing Raven. After losing her boor because of the constant beating, Raven finally found the courage to leave Mizan.She reached out to Ethic, a man that worked with her father, and he helped her and her little sister get on their feet. Raven and Ethic ended up falling in love and starting their own family. Raven also applied for college classes and eventually got her degree. Antoinettes portrayal of Raven shows that your choices are what make you who you are. Raven chose to leave Mizan and make a better life for her little sister, instead of being someones punching bag. Furthermore, Raven chose her life. She showed many individuals around her that she can stand on her own two feet and even with her struggles, she was going to make it. Thus, by using Raven Antoinette showed that your capabilities are nothing compared to the decisions you make. Joanna Kathleen Rowlings quote, It is our choices that show what we truly are, far more than our abilities , illustrates that our abilities are nothing compared to the decisions we make, our decisions are what show those around us who we ultimately are.Rowlings words were validated by Ashley Antoinette in her novel Moth to a Flame using the characterization of Raven. She showed her readers that abilities mean nothing because the protagonist wasnt capable of overcoming her boyfriend. Instead, the protagonist chose to leave him and she saved her life doing so. The lens is also proven true by Sidi in his novel Fatou An African Girl in Harlem in which he uses the characterization of the protagonist Fatou to show that some things youre not capable of compulsory but you can make a choice to remove yourself from the situation. Writers like Antoinette and Sidi show readers that our choices are what show the individuals around us what were made of not our capabilities.

Sunday, May 19, 2019

Wide Dynamic Range Compression Benefits Health And Social Care Essay

Adults with a moderate sensorineural sense of listening qualifying assume a demand for docile punishings to be amplified to assist with clearness of address with break traveling over a degree which the private finds excessively chintzy-mouthed. Moderate sensorineural comprehend loss is ca utilise by harm to satellite hair cells, which contri savee take to a reduced dynamic circumstance and finally, enlisting. The dynamic scope is the scope between the threshold of earreach and the un pull fit volume degrees ( ULL ) . Venema ( 1998 ) refers to this as the floor ( threshold ) being raised and the ceiling ( ULL ) staying the same. When the ULL s be unchanged, as thresholds worsen, an irregular admittance in volume is perceived typically referred to as enlisting. In order to separate between diametric types of auditory sense AIDSs and happen the most suitable for this type of understanding loss we have to look to see if the hear AIDSs can embrace the individual s d ynamic scope without traveling over their uncomfortable volume degrees. It has been suggested that end product constrictive coalescence ( CL ) and broad dynamic scope contraction ( WDRC ) sense of audience AIDSs are more hot for this type of hearing loss compared to bilinear hearing AIDSs with extremum niping. Ultimately, for a moderate sensorineural hearing loss it is believed that WDRC is the most good type of culture at this nip off.The outer hair cells in the harmonium of Corti have been referred to as the amplifiers of the cochlea ( Brownell, et al. , 1985 ) . In the absence of outer hair cell map, a moderate sensorineural hearing loss of around 40-50 dubnium is present ( Ryan and Dallos, 1975 ) . The most prevailing type of hearing loss in grownups is presbyacusis or age-related hearing loss ( Valente, et. Al. 2008 ) . Presbyacusis begins as a bilateral, symmetrical, luxuriously frequency sensorineural hearing loss impacting the outer hair cells in the radical te rminal of the cochlea. Peoples with this type of hearing loss tend to squinch about ambit noises such as address babbling in a noisy saloon. This can account for, what is normally referred to as the upward spread of cover, which is caused by take down frequences dissembling higher frequences ( Valente et. al. , 2008 ) . This consequences in softer, higher frequence fails from address such as consonants being cloak by lower frequence address sounds such as vowels. Presbyacusis causes a elusive lessening in hearing over clip ( Valente et. al. , 2008 ) and as a consequence, patients do non normally attend clinics until their households notice that the telecasting is excessively loud or the patient themselves realize that they can non hear every bit good in noisy severalize of affairss as they used to.Hearing AIDSs can include different types of jam circuits, which can profit different types of hearing loss. Let s first expression at input and end product coalescency circuits. T hey differ to each another(prenominal) depending on where the volume control is located in the circuit. Output condensation circuits have the volume control before the coalescence takes topographic headway. This type of crunch affects the compaction kneepoint and the summation but non the maximal power end product. It is besides the type of circuit used with CL elaboration scheme and is associated with high compaction ratios and kneepoints. Input compaction has the volume control located after the compaction circuit therefore the sound is compressed before the volume control affects the sound. This means that the kneepoint is unaffected spell the accession and maximal power end product are. This type of compaction circuit is what tends to be used with broad dynamic scope compaction ( WDRC ) scheme and is associated with low compaction ratios and kneepoints ( Venema, 1998 Dillon, 2001 ) .The first type of compaction is end product restricting compaction elaboration. The inp ut is running(a) until it reaches a high kneepoint and so it compresses the sound with a high compaction ratio ( Venema, 1998 Valente, et. al. , 2008 ) . This type of compaction is really similar to top out cutting ( Personal computer ) , which is found in additive hearing AIDSs, nevertheless it is more idyllic for the hearer than Personal computer because there is less deformation. Peoples with normal hearing or mild to direct hearing loss go forth detect that the quality of address is more deformed with restricting when compared to batch with terrible to profound hearing loss who will non detect this consequence as much ( Dillon, 2000 ) . In a survey of 12 grownups with mild to take sensorineural hearing loss, sound quality and lucidity were improved with end product restricting compaction when compared to top out cutting ( Hawkins and Naidoo, 1993 ) . It is by and largish accepted that additive hearing AIDSs with extremum niping no dourer hold a topographic point in audi ometry clinics and hearing assistance companies have stopped fabricating them.Wide dynamic scope compaction ( WDRC ) is a compaction scheme that aims to magnify soft sounds by a batch, medium sounds by a moderate sum and loud sounds by a little sum ( Souza and Turner, 1998 ) . WDRC tends to give more addition to soft sounds and has reasonably short onslaught and anesthetize times ( Marriage, et al. , 2005 ) . WDRC is a nonlinear compaction scheme, which tries to dumb show the non-linearity of the cochlea and efforts to account for loudness enlisting with sensorineural hearing loss ( Moore, et al. , 1992 ) . The threshold kneepoint is normally low at around 50 dubnium in order to magnify quiet sounds, compactions ratios are normally lower than 41 and onslaught and trouble times are short so that harmonic sounds are non masked by vowel sounds ( Valente, et. al. , 2008 ) . WDRC is a comparatively invigorated compaction scheme that is used normally in modern digital engineering hear ing AIDSs.There are assorted positions as to whether WDRC is of more acquire than additive elaboration. It has been noted in some literature that mensurable eudaimonias of WDRC include improved hearing for soft address sounds ( Souza and Turner, 1998 ) , address in quiet, address in noise, more comfy hearing state of affairss for loud address ( Moore, et. al. , 1992 Davies-Venn, 2009 ) and improved acclimatisation ( Yund et. al. , 2006 ) . In contrast it has besides been reviewed that WDRC whitethorn better audibleness but non needfully intelligibility when compared to linear elaboration ( Marriage, et. al. , 2005 Souza and Turner, 1998 ) . WDRC may be of more benefit for people with mild to chair sensorineural hearing loss compared to people with terrible to profound sensorineural hearing loss. This may be due to the suggestion that as hearing gets worse i.e. in terrible to profound sensorineural hearing loss that temporal cues are relied on more to a great extent to understa nd address. Since tight WDRC can alter temporal cues it may be that this population of hearing assistance wearers benefits more from compaction modification ( Jenstad and Souza, 2005 Davies-Venn et. Al. 2009 ) .In 1992, Brian Moore, et. Al. tested 20 topics with moderate sensorineural hearing loss, mensurating speech favoritism capability in quiet and speech response thresholds ( SRTs ) in noise. The topics were fitted with two types of hearing AIDSs Linear amplifiers and two-band WDRC compressors. They were tested with their crude hearing AIDSs and besides in an unaided status and with their ain original hearing AIDSs. With the compaction hearing aids the topics had good address favoritism tonss at all strength degrees in the quiet and the other three conditions showed diminishing address intelligibility as the strength degree got quieter. The WDRC AIDSs proved to assist topics accomplish lower SRTs in noise compared to the other conditions. Patients with decreased dynamic scop es besides benefited from the compaction hearing AIDSs more than the additive AIDSs in that they found the loud sounds more comfy. When surveyed the topics besides preferred the sound of the WDRC hearing AIDSs ( Moore, et al. , 1992 ) .Another benefit of WDRC over liner elaboration is improved acclimatization. Acclimatization is the clip it takes for the encephalon to acquire accustomed to sound from a peculiar type of elaboration and to hold increased speech denotation. Yund et. Al. ( 2006 ) did an acclimatization survey with 39 topics with mild to chair inclining sensorineural hearing loss, who had neer worn hearing AIDSs. They showed that topics who wore the WDRC hearing AIDSs experienced acclimatization, whereas the patients who wore additive hearing AIDSs did non demo any increased address favoritism tonss. They believed this was because the WDRC hearing assistance was able to treat the normal hearing dynamic scope into the dynamic scope of topics with mild to chair sensorineu ral hearing loss. After a period of have oning additive elaboration, topics were so fitted with WDRC hearing AIDSs. These topics still struggled with acclimatization after a period with their WDRC hearing AIDSs and needed excess aid in the signifier of audile preparation to acquire rid of the effects of the additive elaboration on the encephalon. Overall, it was concluded that hearing AIDSs with more cultivate engineering may be the best AIDSs for acclimatization ( Yund, et. al. , 2006 ) .One survey compared the benefits of additive and nonlinear hearing AIDSs with address trials and Glasgow Hearing Aid Benefit Profile ( GHABP ) questionnaires. The bulk of topics preferred the WDRC nonlinear hearing AIDSs compared to the additive hearing AIDSs. They showed better tonss on address trials, had better address acknowledgment, and preferred the overall hearing experience with the WDRC hearing AIDSs. WDRC hearing AIDSs can be programmed with fast or decelerate onslaught and release time s or a combination as this can be adjusted for different channels. In this survey the research workers found that there was more of a penchant for slow onslaught and release times for the most comfort and satisfaction compared to fast WDRC ( Gatehouse, et. al. , 2006 ) . In comparing, Shi and Doherty ( 2008 ) found better address acknowledgment tonss for both slow and fast, onslaught and release times compared to linear hearing AIDSs, nevertheless found no difference between tonss for slow and fast times in WDRC. When onslaught and release times are shorter the soft address sounds are amplified more than the louder 1s. If the release clip is long so the soft and loud address sounds are amplified at the same degree, which may ensue in the softer phonemes being masked by the louder 1s ( Valente, et. al. , 2008 ) . Where to put onslaught and release times may be different for each patient depending on their penchant nevertheless in these surveies it has been shown that holding onslaug ht and release times utilizing WDRC improves speech acknowledgment tonss compared to linear hearing AIDSs.WDRC multi-channel hearing AIDSs have a distinguishable advantage over individual channel hearing AIDSs because they have the ability to utilize BILL and TILL ( characteristics of WDRC ) at the same clip ( Sandlin, 2000 ) . BILL is the mysterious addition at low degrees and TILL is the soprano addition at low degrees ( Dillon, 2001, pp 169 ) . BILL will be given to travel into compaction a batch more with low frequence sounds and non every bit much with high frequence sounds. The scheme of BILL is to let the hearing assistance wearer to hear better in background noise. TILL will travel into compaction more frequently with high frequence sounds and non every bit much with low frequence sounds. The scheme of TILL is to increase audibleness of high frequence sounds. Both BILL and TILL used in concurrence can make headway a good adjustment scheme for a level moderate high freq uence sensorineural hearing loss ( Venema, 1998 ) .Dillon ( 2000 ) described two jobs that can originate with WDRC hearing AIDSs. The first job is that bit WDRC hearing AIDSs magnify really soft address good, they besides amplify really soft background noises such as the clock ticking or the sound of apparels traveling ( Dillon, 2000 ) . Fortunately with newer digital engineering, hearing AIDSs are able to divide address from background noise more intuitively than with linear engineering. A manner to cover with these really low degree background noises is to utilize enlargement. Expansion is the antonym of compaction and aims to do the weakest sounds in the quietest environments unobtrusive as it is below the hearer s aided threshold ( Valente, et. al. , 2008 ) . The second disadvantage is the job of feedback being introduced when the hearing assistance wearer is in a quiet environment and the addition is increased ( Dillon, 2000 Valente, et. al. , 2008 ) . In the past few old age s digital feedback suppression/cancellation has become more sophisticated and this does non look to be a job with WDRC in hearing assistance wearers every bit long as a suited earmould is fitted.Wide dynamic scope compaction has been shown to hold advantages over additive elaboration utilizing compaction modification and extremum niping circuits. In some research workers sentiments it has still non been unambiguously proven that WDRC is the best adjustment scheme for all types of hearing loss. As degrees gets worse than moderate sensorineural hearing loss, the loss of outer and interior hair cell map causes temporal cues to decline. It is ill-defined whether fast WDRC may be doing deformation in address signals due to this. What is clear is that for mild to chair sensorineural hearing loss, most normally observed with presbyacusis, WDRC seems to better address acknowledgment in quiet, in noise, overall comfort and it is easier to acclimatize to have oning hearing AIDSs. There is non a great sum of recent literature on the topic of the benefits of WDRC in the moderate sensorineural hearing loss class. It would be interesting to see new research conducted to find whether there are more benefits in multichannel WDRC with newer, more intuitive, digital engineering hearing AIDSs.

Saturday, May 18, 2019

Child Soldiers Essay

From the source twenty- quadruplet hour period, few liaison about(predicate) these vindicated eyeb each filled with hatred inspired me to write. These eyes ar those of a nipper soldier. Before jump this project, I did non deem much of tikeren contend in wars, yet as the research got deeper and my perceiveing of their situation much thorough, this project became much to a greater extent than a simple task I had to accomplish. I felt close to these people as they atomic number 18 usu solelyy around my period, and several(prenominal) ar thus far younger than me. I am aw be of these extraordinary years that carry up our tikehood and our teenage years. It is during this clock in our racys whither we disc over whom we real are and what we handle to do with our lives. Being divest of these crucial years makes it almost impossible for angiotensin-converting enzyme to wax and start one(a)s carriage. These clawren began their trip into hell when they were abducted by the militia or in some cases verit commensurate(a) the army.They are then forced to commit horrendous acts in redact to secureen them and to shape up the militias trust. Many are forced to s joketer their parents so that flush if they want to flight from the militia, they are excessively ashamed to return kin. The militia vitiateds these babe soldiers to the deepest of their worlds, and hurts them physically as well. In sierra Leone, it was reported that limbs were bring out off and cabaret to inflict pain on the claw and to scare out any NGOS or the government. This idea of a babe retentiveness a torpedo taller than himself is what inspired me to write my genres. The genres I chose for this particular topic helped me widen my ideas on baby soldiers.My persuasive show went against what I believed as I was trying to prove why child soldiers were a positive function and how the children themselves wanted to fend for for their res publica. This is an aspect we should neer for watch when researching about something, the former(a)(a) berth of the story. This was preceptore to chthonianstand fully the topic from all perspective possible. some other genre that commuted my view on child soldier was the epistolary, which is a series of letters recounting a story. This epistolary focused on the life of child soldiers once they became adults. It showed me two contrasting aspects, how one can go on with his life as a soldier and be diminish immune to the evil around, and how one can decide to put off short this barbarism and start anew.Two Voices, Two Worlds ApartI am an American boy.In the morning, my moms gentle kisses awake me.Im wearing my new textilee with the red polka dots on it.I pick up my bag and get ready for tho a nonher twenty-four hours of school.I fork out a hard time at school sagaciousness the math.My days are foresightful and full of work and sports. somewhat 5 p.m., I go home and treat myself to a squeamish snack and start my chores. erst duration I am done, I plain about the homework and investigate when I am ever going to use this.I exactly had a constrict with my overprotect for breaking a vase, and I am considering rivulet away from her to live with my father.I privation I were as far away from her as possible.I paying attention I had more freedom to do what I want.To quiet late at night and eat a few sweets.To not go to school.But I cannot do all of this because,I am a child.I am an American boy.In the morning, my moms gentle kisses awake me.Im wearing my new tog with the red polka dots on it.I pick up my bag and get ready for provided another day of school.I get handle of a hard time at school perceptiveness the math.My days are immense and full of work and sports.Around 5 p.m., I go home and treat myself to a nice snack and start my chores. one time I am done, I complain about the homework and winder when I am ever going to use this.I just had a conte st with my mother for breaking a vase, and I am considering running away from her to live with my father.I wish I were as far away from her as possible.I wish I had more freedom to do what I want.To sleep late at night and eat a few sweets.To not go to school.But I cannot do all of this because,I am a child.I am a Limba boy.In the morning, bullets abruptly wake me up.Im wearing my shirt stained with the stains of my chums blood.I pick up my gun and get ready for yet another day of war.I constitute a hard time understanding the reason for all this evil in war.My days are long and full of hatred and suffering.Around 7 p.m., I go to the tenting to wash everyones dishes from the lunch that I didnt have. at once I am done with my chores I lie bring down on the straw bed and think about everything I could have learned if I had hindranceed in school.The mind police officer just whipped me for spilling wet the however thing keeping me from running away is my poor mother who request s my help.I wish I were as close to her as possible.I wish I had more freedom to do what I want.To sleep at night and eat dinner.To go to school.But I cannot do all of this because,I am a child soldier.I am a Limba boy.In the morning, bullets abruptly wake me up.Im wearing my shirt stained with the stains of my brothers blood.I pick up my gun and get ready for yet another day of war.I have a hard time understanding the reason for all this evil inwar.My days are long and full of hatred and suffering.Around 7 p.m., I go to the camp to wash everyones dishes from the lunch that I didnt have. erst I am done with my chores I lie down on the straw bed and think about everything I could have learned if I had rested in school.The head officer just whipped me for spilling water the plainly thing keeping me from running away is my poor mother who needs my help.I wish I were as close to her as possible.I wish I had more freedom to do what I want.To sleep at night and eat dinner.To go to schoo l.But I cannot do all of this because,I am a child soldier.The Other Side of the StoryIt is comm only accepted that a child is meant to be provided with whatever comfort for his or her thriving. A child is meant to be cared for, educated and provide until his adulthood. This is why it is easy to understand how shocking, revolting and inhumane it whitethorn projectm that a child carries a gun and goes to war. However, in more parts of the world, this perception becomes completely irrelevant. When daily life offers nothing precisely fear, insecurity and skirmishing for survival, where widows are more prevailing than capable men protecting their countries from invasion and humiliation, child soldiers become the sole alternative to the tremendously hard and severe reality.Even in the mind of the child, it becomes an authoritative necessity. The child moves through a forced maturity regarding the priority to fight for the survival of his family and the freedom of his outlandish. beneath such circumstances one shouldnt forget that going to school becomes an unrealistic dream, and that specie oft comes to lack in families. The child soldier also puts into account this reality and fights to cover the expenses of his family who are often desperate for money.The country also sends children to war for economical reasons, as it doesnt have enough money to recruit only adult soldiers. churl soldiers are cheaper than adults and therefore, the government can increase the size of its army. Those child soldiers believe with all their heart and soul that their cause is beyond their life. These children sense a niping of act and pride in fleck for their countries. Western ideas of what should or should not be acceptable do not have their place in the sad reality of the life of millions of people in slums in Asia and Africa.These children voluntarily sign up in the army, as they are proud to serve their country. They are devoted to their kingdom and are ready to generate for the freedom that it deserves with their own life. Their life revolves around this country that has watched them light upon and they feel the need to fight for it. As long as there is fighting, I am ready to fight, added Abdul Rahim, a child soldier. If peace comes, Ill go to school. (Reliefweb) These children are not always forced by adults to fight in wars. The only thing that forces them is their love for their country and the obligations they feel they have for their beloved nation. As they fight, the cleanup brings them a sense of pride as they have liberated their country from a threat. I am proud because I killed an enemy for my country, said Hayatullah, 16, another child soldier.The Taliban wanted to move us from our homes and they ruined our schools. (Reliefweb) Not only does it bring them pride to have liberated their country of a threat, but they also feel the need to avenge what has been done to them. Having pride in liberating ones country does not a pply to children only. Nathan Hale, who was a soldier for the Continental Army during the American rotatory War, once said, I only regret that I have but one life to lose for my country. (Wikipedia-Nathan Hale) These children do want to go to school, but they cannot because of school closures during wartime. Even if the schools were bold, it would be dangerous to spend time there, as they are a target during war.Furthermore, how could these children concentrate on their work and learn new things at school while they are under a perpetual threat of death, and that bombs are being dropped around them? They cannot sit down while the rest of their family is dying in war, fighting for their country. These children have been raised with the thinking that they have to fight for it under any circumstance. Age get out not be the sole reason that will stop them. Another major(ip) reason as to why these children want to fight for their country is because they are mindful that this country will one day be theirs. This is their future that they are allowing to be destroyed. An officer, Zapp Brannigan, said we fight this battle not for ourselves, but for our children, and our childrens children, which is why Im forming a childrens brigade (Tv Tropes). This may be an adult point of view, but it is the way a child thinks when he is fighting. The adults are not the countrys future, but the children are.What is also extremely unfair is that it is acceptable for atomic number 63an countries to have soldiers, but when it involves African or Asian countries, it becomes a problem. During World War II, thousands of 15-year-old British boys signed up on their own will into the army. No one stop them even though they knew that they were too young. The few that were stopped signed up again and changed their age to be accepted into the army. Furthermore, many countries nowadays in Europe still recruit young boys in their army. In the UK, in 2001, there were 6,000 soldiers under the age of 18 serving in the armed forces. In March 2002, under pressure from the European Union, the government stated that these soldiers would no longer be sent into combat positions.However, Article 38 of the UNCRC states that fifteen is the minimum age for recruitment and there is no law, which forbids children under eighteen to fight (The Open University). During World War II, Hitler would affiance boys as young as 10 years old in his Hitler Youth programs and put them in the war. All armies in the Great War used child soldiers. In the beginning of the war the fervor to crossroads the battle was so great that young boys as well as girls could hardly be stopped to enlist. ( children of the Great War) This gesture alone should be able to prove that children can enlist and fight in wars. Not letting them fight for what they believe would be wrong. nipper soldiers have always been around, and have existed in almost every country, but today, the views about children as soldiers has radically changed. It is not considered acceptable to make children fight in wars any longer, because they are too young, have not had the chance at an education, or are just not prepared to see such atrocities. However, this does not apply to every child out there, as many are much more mature than others. The U.S State Departments most recent annual human decents report states that, an estimated quarter of a million children, even as young as age 6, have been conscripted to serve as soldiers in dozens of armed conflicts around the world, some with armed insurgencies, such as the Khmer Rouge, the Shining Path of Peru, and Palestinian groups in Lebanon, and some in regular armies, such as those of Cambodia, Uganda, Angola, and Sudan. (Third World Traveler).The Human Rights Watch also estimates that around 200,000 to 300,000 children are serving as soldiers all around the globe. (Statistics on minor passs) Currently in Somalia, child soldiers are being recruited by the U.S Arm y to fight against terrorism. Awil Salah Osman continuously prowls the streets of this devastated country with his fully loaded Kalashnikov. The difference betwixt him and the other soldiers in Somalia is that he is a child financed by the United States.The United States economically supports these child soldiers and equips them heavily. Furthermore, several American officers repeatedly said that they were concerned about the use of child soldiers in Somalia, and that they were displace Somali officials to be more careful about these young soldiers. However, when asked if they financed any of them, an American official responded by takeing, I have no good answer for that. (The New York Times) The United States cannot justify for its acts, and it expects to for other countries to change their policies.Money is not always ready during these times of unease in a country, and for this reason, many parents are forced to send their children off to war in order to pay for expenses. The children go to war to be able to financially support their family in any ways they can (Third World Traveler). Jean Paul, a child soldier said, I crossroadsed the army to get food for my mother, my brothers and sisters (CyberSchoolBus). small fryren cost money to their parents, as they have to pay for the expenses in any way they can in such times of distress. These child soldiers often join the militia or the army to be able to get money and pay for their families. On average, these child soldiers will get up to $50 a month, for every month they fight (BBC News). In many cases, if the child is fighting for the militia, the militia sends a wage directly to the family (Third World Traveler). In other cases, the child directly goes to the militia to fight as they know that by doing this they will be offered regular meals, clothing, or medical attention (Third World Traveler).Children in war, is an extremely delicate subject as most people are against it. Not many debates are held o n this topic, as people are almost unanimous on the idea of whether or not children should fight in wars. However, these people only focus on the negative aspects of the wars influence on children. These points are undeniable, but they are often exaggerated or based on certain cases, not on every case.These children could go to school, and have an education, but these schools are often closed due to the war, and few are the teachers that would still dare go to work during times want these. Furthermore, these children do love their country and many are aware of the dangers that are involved when fighting in war. Nevertheless, their desire to fight and free their country is overwhelming. This desire to fight for ones country and to fight for what you believe has always existed. Children have always fought in wars and often even lied about their age to be able to fight. Children should be allowed to fight in wars. maven Family, Two FatesI was walking post to the camp when a fellow of ficer stopped me and told me there was mail for me. I was not used to receiving only letters. Who could possibly be sending me letters when I had no one left who cared for me? My parents had long been dead and my only sibling had fly to the United States to advertize his learning. We lived in two different worlds, and this fact do the letter even more intriguing. It was from my brother, the same one who had left his country during a time of war for selfish reasons. This is what it saidDear Banura,Brother, it has been a long time since we last burbleed and I was starting to wonder about you and your safety there in this country ravaged by war. How are things going cover version there? Have you won any major battles lately, and most importantly how are you doing? As for me, I am doing great. My job is steady, and though the years derive out I continue to be amazed by this city of wonders. The lights of the buildings resemble stars in the night sky. every(prenominal) child goes to school and has an education. They all live in huge buildings with many other families. What is surprising is that these families are not related but they work things out. Children live with their parents in homes with running water and electricity everywhere.yesterday when I was walking down the street, I saw two brothers running side by side and it made me think you and I. I miss you deeply and I spend a lot of time thinking about you. Yet, the only images I can imagine of you is when you are holding a gun. As an adult or as a child, it is the only way I can picture you. This is more the reason to let everything go and come to New York with me. I still wish for you to come and join me in this city of wonder, but I know that my desires are a whim. You have your duties to accomplish dressing in Sierra Leone and I respect that. I wish you the best, brother.Best regards,Ishmael BeahI sit there under my tent reading these words over and over again. Was all of this true? Could thes e wonders even exist? I had no way of knowing. My life was resumed to one word, war. I had been kidnapped as a child along with my brother when we were young. We had spent our childhood fighting the war in Sierra Leone. I dont even know if I can call it a childhood, as we were forced to grow up extremely fast. We had to leave our fantasies behind and learn how to fight like men. During our teen years we had been released for a few years and were sent to a school that was built to rehabilitate child soldiers. I did not take it seriously, as I did not see it taking me anywhere.My brother, on the other hand, had studied hard and said that one day he would go abroad and further his studies. I used to laugh at him and return to playing tag with my friends out in the field. I regret these days. My life could have been different if I had worked. A bullet was breeze in the distance and I was brought back to my reality. This was my reality, the camp and the war. During dinner the bordering day, I decided to write back to Ishmael. by and by all, he was my brother and the only family I had left. I hastily took out a pen and a piece of paper and jotted down a few words. The few things I had learned during with UNICEF were finally coming in handy.Ishmael,I accredited your letter and I am glad you still think about me and worry about me. As you can see, I am still alive and I am doing fine. This country may be at war, but that doesnt mean everyone gets killed. You, of all people, should know better. You lived it. The war is going on steady and I dont see any signs of it stopping any time soon. We won a small battle yesterday in the bush as we killed 15 of their soldiers. Only one of our kids died. It is ok he was just 8, he wont be very missed. I am felicitous to know that you are doing fine in this city of lights you described. It seems nice, but you are right, I will not join you there. I have work to do here, and a country to serve.Thank you,Officer BanuraI sent t he letter without any second thoughts. This is how it was done anyways. postal code could have second thoughts. If we started doubting our offshoot instincts, we would always be wrong, or in the worst case, killed. I went back to my dinner and ate. The bell rang in the distance, and I turned all emotions off. I picked up the gun that was lying by me and ran to the bush.Shock took me over as I reread these lines. Only one of our kids died. It is okay he was just 8, he wont be very missed. How could he ever say something like this? He once was this child that fought in the bush like a man, giving everything he had. He knew the fear that was triggered from shooting a man. He also knew of the adrenaline rush of seeing that man drop dead on the point knowing that later on in the camp he would be proclaimed and thanked. My brother had forget about these evils and regarded them as normal. This could not be happening. I could not let him forget the little innocent boy that once was my br other. I decided to write another letter to remind him of who he truly was.Dear Banura,Your words comforted me as I now know you are alive. However, they also hurt me so much. To know you have lost your humanity makes me wish that you died out there in the battle. How could you have forgotten what it was like to be a child soldier yourself? A few years back you were not so different from this little boy that died for his country. I, on the other hand, reckon it all too clearly. You may only remember the drugs and the good times we had aft(prenominal) using them, but I remember the whole story. I had just turned 13 and you were merely 7 years old when the Revolutionary United Front gusted our village. This was back in 1993. The war had started in 1991. We spent three years fighting against the government in Freetown. You remember those days, dont you brother? The fighting, the killing, the bloodshed, the useless bloodshed. You probably forgot about the atrocities that happened dur ing those years. You were so young, so innocent, and you were given drugs, constantly.You accepted them instantly as you thought they were treats. I do not sit downanic you, I myself did not know any better. I accepted them as well. There is no need to rummage on the deadly past, but I would still wish to remind you of the day in 1996 when UNICEF delivered us from our perpetual sufferings. They helped us flee from Freetown and they gave us an education. It was basic but it still helped me take my mind off of the atrocities I had seen. I worked hard and had even started to learn how to read and write. You on the other hand, showed no effort. It seemed as if you were content with your old life, and that you even wished you could go back to it. I knew all hope for you was lost when you came to my bunk one night and told me the neck of this one is in perfect position for irate with a machete.You were talk of the town about the boy you had been playing marbles with you a few hours e arlier. After a few months in the UNICEF camp, they helped some of us flee from Freetown. I went with them but you decided to stay behind. You said you preferred dying than abandoning your country in a time of need. I often wish you had come with me, but I will never regret this day. It opened up so many more possibilities than the war ever had. I was sent off to New York where I stayed with my foster mother, Laura Simms. Once I was there, I was signed up in the United Nations International School. I later enrolled in Oberlin College where I graduated with a degree in Political science. Right now, I write and term of enlistment the United States to explain the atrocities of being a child soldier, while you continue fighting a vicious war that kill thousands of children every year. Unfortunately, I believe all hope is lost for you, brother. I wish for you to regain your senses and your humanity.May God help you,Ishmael BeahThe letter was sealed and I sent it off. It was not a carel ess act, as I rummaged over it for a few hours. If this could not knock some sense into his careless head, nothing will. I though back on my brothers words, how could one lose all love and pity? I only wished for one thing. For Banura to see that there was a way to get out of all of these atrocities. The escape was simple. He could come to New York, and work alongside with me. All possibility of this may have been lost, but one can still dream after all.The letters were still coming in, and I did not know why. What could Ishmael want to do with me? He knew I was alive and well, so why would he want to keep talking to me? We were so different, what could we talk about? Then I read the letter. The words stung me like wasps. The sorrow in them cut me like blades. He was right. I had told him that he should have known what fighting was like because he had been a soldier, but I had forgotten what being a child soldier was like. Again he was right, the drugs had made that time of my life just seem like a shape in the haze. I hadnt even realized I was crying until a tear fell on the letter.To add to my pain, I remembered telling another child to dump that little boys body into the hole at the other end of the camp. No tears had been shed for him back then, but this was being fixed. I arid my wet calculate with my sleeve and went back to my tent. I could not cry in public, but I could not hold back the tears, either. I wept for all the men I had killed and all the children I had deprived of a childhood and a life. As if by instinct, I took out my brothers first letter from under my pillow and reread it. The answer seemed to stand out from the little piece of paper, come and join me in this city of wonder. With eyes half closed I started packing my bags. I wrote down my wish to join my brother as a letter and sent it off.Ishmael,You have been right all along. I have lost myself during all of this fighting and killing. Please accept my apology and open your home to m e. Let me join you and start a new life.Your brother,BanuraI waited for the reply for endless days. ultimately one day the letter came and a few words were written on it.Banura,Join me now. I have arranged your departure with the United Nations. Go to the Lungi International Airport any day in the next six months and take this plane ticket with you.IshmaelMy contract with the army was coming to an end. This piece of paper that had sealed me in this world of violence did not mean anything to me but bitter memories of a childhood and a life wasted. Three months after my brothers last letter, I left this world of turmoil behind me forever. This was back in 2001, one year before the civilian war in Sierra Leone ended. I now live with Ishmael, my brother, and we tour around the world explaining what a child soldier does. I help explaining to people the vicious cycle of war and how one is restrain to return to being a soldier, as we are not taught anything else. Child soldiers often la ck skills to do anything else but fight. This was the case for me, but thanks to my brother, today I live a different life in this city of wonder.Descent Into Hell1st originationIt was a day like every other in Sierra Leone, where I live with my older brother and my mother. Nothing seemed to be different as everyone was tending to his or her chores. I was feeding the chicken and gathering the ballocks for our supper tonight. One egg each. It was more than enough in these times of turmoil and desperation. In the distance I heard a deafening shout. It was my mother. At first, taken by panic, I stood amongst the poultry, paralyzed. I heard gun guesss and that was it. I found myself running through this so familiar path to see, standing in front of my door, three buff soldiers holding a gun. I remember that sight, I always will. The object, a gun, used to be so strange to me. I now am accustomed to the touch of it, as well as the sensation of having it lay in my bare hands. The sold iers were asking my mother where my father was. Little did they know he was deceased for a few years now. They then asked her if she had any sons and where they were.From behind her, my 17-year-old brother appeared. They asked him aggressively if he was ready to join the militia and to fight for his country. He replied that he wasnt and that he had to remain with my mother to help her. He was shot dead. A bullet, in the head. Not any remorse from the other soldiers. A cry escaped from my mouth. The eyes from one of the soldiers found me. It was the end. YOU he shouted. I advanced timidly towards him fearing for my life and for my mothers. He repeated the same question he had asked my brother. What other choice did I have but to say yes and follow them? They allowed me to pack a pear of pants, a pair of shoes and I was gone. My life as I knew it was over. I was only 13.2nd entryWe walked until dawn the next day through the bush. Everyone was deteriorate but we continued walking. In the distance we could see a camp. It was relatively small. As we entered through the coat gate one thing hit me. It hit me hard. The putrefying smell of rotting flesh. Prisoners from a previous attack had been staked in the middle of the camp to scare away anyone who dared come in. They made me walk past them into a army hut on the other side of the camp. There, they gave me a uniform and told me that I was part of the army. This was all too new for me. I did not know what to do or expect, so I simply obeyed and followed the rules. I would soon find out that this would become a habit. To follow the rules blindly. An officer was speaking and telling me about the food schedule. We must all wake up at 5 a.m. and eat in order to be prepared to fight for the rest of the day. We would return at the camp around 8 every night to eat and rest before the next day.For breakfast we were given one egg and a handful of rice. For our lunch we were given bean soup and for dinner we would be hande d two pieces of shopping center and a bowl of rice. He also told me that we had to do a special ritual before starting the training. They said that if I followed the rules I would gain magical powers that would protect me from the bullets. He also informed me that if I did not follow his orders he would hunt the rest of my family down and kill them one by one.The order was plain enough. I had to follow the rules and I would be protected from the bullets. What I found bizarre is that no one asked for my name that day. Newcomers must have been common here. A soldier came up to the officer and started talking to him. I was to follow this soldier to be trained. The officer shouted after us, Take care of Pisco, he looks like a sturdy one. I asked the soldier why the officer had called me Pisco, and he replied in the most natural tone ever, It is your new name. Abu Bakar Bangura, the young and innocent boy living in the village with his mother and brother was dead. Pisco, the sturdy chil d soldier had taken his place.3rd entryDuring my four months of training, we had to run in the morning and we studied about small arms at night. During the day, we would plough and harvest time the fields and we practiced parade drills. To plough the fields, we had to pull a tractor with a rope so that the officers would not have to waste their money on fuel. The training was hard and I had no idea how to hold a gun, shoot and aim. The first couple times I even injured myself and almost shot a man in his leg from not aiming properly. Two other boys were in training with me. Nisu and Shole. They were match and were taken away from their father a week ago. They were already better than I was but had strike aiming. Nisu kept missing the aim and a soldier got tired of him and beat him. The beatings were severe and the pains caused from them were horrendous.I know that from experience. The fear of getting beaten everyday was always present, so I time-tested my best. I could not fail. Nisu and Shole were not as good as me. They were beaten every day and the beatings made it even harder for them to hold the gun in their hands. One day, Nisu was hit in the head with a rock, and fell dead. His brother could not endure the pain of being alone. He starved himself to death, and when the beatings came again, he died. They were thrown by a soldier into the latrines and left there. I still think of them today. That night, the soldiers beat me too. I was beaten unconscious and had to be sent to the hospital.They put an ice pack on my head and waited until I woke up. No tests were done to see if I had a concussion. When I returned to the camp, they beat me again. I nearly died that night. To this day, I still do not know why they beat me. I cried that night, but not only because of the pain of losing Nisu and Shole, nor from the pain my head was inflicting upon me, I cried because even though my training was not over, I had to start killing the enemy. Tomorrow I had to go into the bush for the first time and fight for my life. I knew that this would be the hardest day of my life and that it would be crucial for the rest of my stay here.4th entryBefore I was sent out to the bush, an officer pulled me over and told me to follow him. Once again I did as I was told. I walked to the end of the camp, next to the latrines. On the ground, attached by ropes, was a boy. The same one who slept in the bunk over mine. He had just turned 10. He was used in the camp to wash the dishes and do the laundry in the river. They gave me my gun and ordered me to shoot him. I asked why. They told me that if I did not shoot him, they wouldnt be able to trust me. I still did not understand why I had to shoot this young boy but the soldiers next words convinced me. If you do not shoot him, we will give him the gun and he will have to shoot you. The boy got on his knees and started crying. He asked to be freed and to go back to his mother.The officer slapped him and ordered me to shoot. I shot. This was the first person I ever killed. He certainly wasnt the last. I still have dreams about the boy of the village that I killed. The dreams keep me awake at night, crying my eyes out. The sobbing face keeps repeating that I killed him for no reason. I regret this act. I killed an innocent boy simply to prove I was trustworthy of killing even more men and women. After that shot was sent, I fell to my knees sobbing. A soldier grabbed me from my hair and threw me on the floor. He told me he would give me a potion that will make me invincible. He gave me a damp cloth and pressed it against my mouth and my nose. I started to feel a bit dizzy yet I was hyperactive. The soldier had drugged me and made me high so that I would be fearless and better in the bush.Nothing felt better than this feeling. The gun felt light in my hands, and the damp bush was almost unseeable to me. I felt free and good. This day flew by for me. When I got home that night, my eyes were red a nd scratch and I felt slightly dizzy. The drug was slowly dissipating and the hunger took over. During dinner, we were given two pieces of meat with a little rice. While I was eating my bowl of rice, an excruciating pain was felt in my leg. I had not noticed that a bullet had grazed my thigh and left a deep cold shoulder that was bleeding. I was taken to the infirmary and my thigh was bandaged. It did not help with the pain but at least I would not have to sleep on it with all the dirt. Wounds were deadly here as the jeopardize of infection was high and the medicine was scarce.5th entryThe drugs were the only things that made me want to go back into the bush. This was the only thing I was certain about in this world full of uncertainties. The soldiers would give us cocaine or marijuana. They would often mix cocaine with gunpowder and they would call it brown brown. We would then follow our officers into the bush and they would utter a few words and let us go. This is the enemy an d they would give us a direction. No questions were asked. If we asked any questions, we would have a clear answer. Death. Our own team would shoot us. That day I killed my first man on the battlefield. I had climbed at the top of a tree and hid in the dense foliage.There I lay, not moving for what seemed like hours. The humidity and the high temperatures made the appetency unbearable. A man from the opposing army was walking nearby shooting at one of the soldiers in camp with me. From under the foliage I shot. The bullet hit the soldier in the back and he fell on his knees. Blood was gushing from the wound. The soldiers life I had just protected came up to the dead body and turned him over. He drew a machete from his belt and cut the head off. The soldier dragged the head from the hair and brought it back to camp that night. It was put in the set down. The same fire the food was cooked on. That night, I fell asleep without even taking my dinner. I was alone in the hut enjoying th e stillness of the night when an officer burst into the room. He asked, Who is here? to which I replied by saying Pisco.His face lit up when he heard my name and he started unbuttoning his shirt. He was approaching me and saying things like do not be scared Pisco, it wont hurt very much. On a less gentle tone, he told me that if I ever told anyone about anything that will happen tonight, he would carry me and accuse me of treason against my team during the battle. He said he was in charge here and anything he accused me of, would be taken as true. The officer sat next to me and told me to get closer to him. Once again, I obeyed. The officer gagged me and tied me with a rope to the metal bars of the bed. I was laying on my stomach with my face crushed against the hard mattress. Without being able to move, I could feel the officer removing my pants. Once the officer had pleasured himself using my body, he left. He let me behind, mind and body shattered. I wish to never recall that ni ght. This is the last time I will ever write about it.6th entryHow could I live knowing that this would become a routine? Killing people. I had always thought that no man should have any sort power over another mans life. Who did we think we were to end someones life? Yet, here I was, killing people. I could not live with this in my heart anymore. I had to tell someone, but whom did I have left except for my mother? Even though I wished I could talk to her, I had no way of doing so. I asked some of the older soldiers how they communicated with their family and they told me they would send letters with other soldiers when they went on raids for new recruits in villages.That night, I sat down and wrote my sorrows and my pains to my mother. I told her I would be fine, and that she should not worry about me. I tried reassuring her by telling her I would come back to her. Then the thought hit me. What if I never returned home? I wasnt as scared of dying as I was of staying here forever a nd having to live like this. I did not know how long I was going to stay here. I had to escape. My plan was set in my mind. If I was hurt enough, I would be sent to the nearby hospital and my wounds be tended for.Once I was in shape again, I would run away and join my mother at her village. The only thing that prevented me from doing so was the fear. The fear of being caught and being tortured as a punishment. I was aware of what happened to those that tried escaping. These men are raped, beat to death, buried alive and shot in front of their families. If they are not killed right away they are tortured, forced to reenter the army or arrested and imprisoned. This decision could not be taken over night I had to think of all the other possibilities. During that time, I would continue to fight to live and to not lose all humanity.A Second regainLahlou, Ralia. Child Soldiers. Child Soldiers. Wix, 29 Feb. 2012. Web. 29 Feb. 2012. .BibliographyFacts About Child Soldiers Human Rights Wat ch. Human Rights Watch. Human Rights Watch, 3 Dec. 2008. Web. 1 Feb. 2012. .Studies Explore Effects of War On motive Child Soldiers. ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 15 July 2010. Web. 1 Feb. 2012. .INTERVIEW-Chad Child Soldier, Aged 12, Tells of Horror. Reuters. Reuters. Web. 7 Feb. 2012. . Johnson, Caitlin A. A Former Child Soldier Tells His Story. CBSNews. CBSInteractive, 11 Feb. 2009. 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