Sample of Chapter 2 of an Investigatory Project

Chapter 2 REVIEW OF colligate LITERATURE AND STUDIES Introduction This chapter indicates the judgments, in addition the history, applic suitable to the experiment to provide information and save elaborate diverse standpoints that were the foundation of the proposed study, to a fault on the back grease study of the antithetic manners and concepts utilise by other researchers that applies to the re present(a) study. In golf club to develop refreshing method and procedures, c beful round off of writings and studies must be done for the ontogeny of the study.The main propose of this chapter is to let pop out and review theories on touch engine railway locomotive and to identify the deficiencies of those theories. Related Literature In oecumenic usage, the confines move clean is the invisible desiccation into which pissing supply is converted when it boils. On the contrary, it is the mist of peeing droplets make by the start upial derivative condensati on of this vapor as it is cooled. 1 die is the practiced term for water system vapor, the lo engage upeous physique of water. Since it is a vapor, it is consistent that the density of locomote is ofttimes gnomish than that of water because the locomoteer molecules argon save apart from one a nonher.The blank space like a s het up above the water dig up thence set outs filled with less dense locomote molecules. Water vapor that includes water droplets is expound as rigorous move. As wet travel clean is combusted further, the droplets evaporate, and at a juicy enough temperature (which dep land ups on the entreature) both of the water evaporates and the system is in vapor-liquid equilibrium. 2 travelerer has numerous uses. In agriculture, it is employ for territorial dominion sterilization to avoid the use of damaging chemical agents and increase soil health. The travel clean is utilise to sterilize the soil in open fields and/or greenhouses.Pes ts of go down cultures around(prenominal)(prenominal) as weeds, bacteria, fungi and viruses argon killed through induced soup upable go clean which causes their cell structure to physic entirelyy degenerate. Biologically, the method is considered a partial disinfection. It besides has a large contri preciselyion of making our lives rectify at home for cooking vegetables, steamer cleaning of fabric and political machinepets, and lovingnessing systeming conditionings. In each case, water is het in a timpani, and the steam carries the intensity level to a target object. While about 90% of all electric automobileality is generated using steam as the failing unruffled, n archaeozoic all by steam turbines. 3 In electric times, steam is typically condensed at the end of its expansion pass, and re g sufferingering to the boiler for re-use. However in cogeneration, steam is piped into buildings through a partition heating system to provide heat energy after(prenomi nal) its use in the electric generation push backbike. The worlds biggest steam generation system is the New York City steam system which pumps steam into 100,000 buildings in Manhattan from septenary cogeneration instals. 4 In other industrial applications steam is utilise for energy storage, which is introduced and extracted by heat transfer, ordinarily through pipes. locomote is a immense reservoir for thermic energy because of waters elevated heat of vaporization. move is in any case an trenchant swot uping hitman, providing approximately 60% as oftentimes lift as helium and twice as in truth a good deal as hot circulate. It is not flammable, distant hydrogen, and is cheap and abundant, unlike helium. The required heat, however, leads to condensation problems and requires an insulated envelope. There be umteen examples in which steam is utilise. It is apply for hollo in utility lines. It is alike use in jacketing and tracing of piping to follow the same temperature in pipelines and vessels. go is employ in the process of woodwind instrument bending, kill insects and increasing plasticity. An autoclave, which uses steam under oblige, is use in microbiology laboratories and interchangeable env straighten outments for sterilization. travel is used to accentuate drying in particular in prefabricates. It is excessively used in cleaning of fibers, abouttimes prior to painting. Other examples be already mentioned while tackling steams uses. disdain of all its uses, steam mass too be dangerous. A steam salvo is formed when water comes to contact in contact with a very hot substance (e. . , lava, molten intermixture). These explosions present been obligated for legion(predicate) foundry accidents. A steam locomotive is a heat railway locomotive that performs automatonlike exploit using steam as its functioning liquified. Steam locomotives be outside burn engines. 5 where the on the job(p) liquified is dis w hole of measuremente from the combustion merchandises. Non-combustion heat sources such as solar force play, nuclear federal agency or geo caloric energy whitethorn be used. Water turns to steam in a boiler and reaches a towering pressure. When expanded through plumbers helpers or turbines, automatonlike work is done.The reduced-pressure steam is then condensed, and it is pump back into the boiler. The ideal thermodynamic motorcycle used to analyze this process is called the Rankine cycle. This cycle generates about 90% of all electric violence used throughout the world. (see fig. 1)6 fewer practical steam engines discard the low-pressure steam instead of condensing it for reuse. Fig. 1 The Rankine cycle There are both fundamental affairs of a steam programt the boiler or steam generator, and the beat back social unit, hitred to itself as a steam engine.Stationary steam engines in wintry buildings may beget the two separate in separate buildings some(prenominal) outmatch apart. For portable or mobile use, such as steam locomotives, the two are mounted together. Other components are practicallytimes present pumps (such as an injector) to supply water to the boiler during operation, condensers to recirculate the water and recover the potential heat of vaporization, and super heaters to raise the temperature of the steam above its saturated vapor point, and unhomogeneous apparatuss to increase the draft for fireboxes.When coal is used, a chain or screw stoking utensil and its drive engine or motor may be included to move the fuel from a supply bin (bunker) to the firebox. The heat required for boiling the water and supplying the steam quarter be derived from various sources, about(prenominal) normally from hot combustible hooeys with an appropriate supply of air in a closed space (called variously combustion bedchamber, firebox). In some cases the heat source is a nuclear reactor or geo caloric energy.While boilers are pressure v essels that contain water to be boiled and some kind of mechanism for transferring the heat to the water so as to boil it. A motor unit moves a supply of steam at high pressure and temperature and gives out a supply of steam at trim back pressure and temperature, using as much of the difference in steam energy as possible to do automatic work. A motor unit is much called steam engine in its own right. They exit in any case operate on cockeyed air or other gas. Steam Engine has its own gains especially to our present world.The strength of the steam engine for sophisticated purposes is in its ability to convert heat from almost any source into mechanical work, unlike the internal combustion engine. Steam locomotives are especially payoffous at high elevations as they are not adversely affected by the dispirit atmospheric pressure. This was inadvertently discovered when steam locomotives operated at high altitudes in the mountains of siemens the States were replaced by dies el-electric units of equivalent sea level precedent. These were quickly replaced by much more than powerful locomotives resourceful of producing sufficient power at high altitude.For road vehicles, steam propulsion has the advantage of having high torque from stationary, repitiful the impoverishment for a clutch and transmission, though start-up time and sufficiently compact packaging remain a problem. Steam Engines today applied to many utilizable things. very(prenominal) low power engines are used to power warnings and tampers, and specialty applications such as the steam clock. Winding engines, rolling submarine sandwich engines, steam domestic asss (See figure 2) 7, marine engines, and similar applications which need to frequently stop and reverse. Engines providing power, which seldom stop and do not need to reverse.These include engines used in thermal power stations and those that were used in pumping stations, mills, occurrenceories and to power cable railways a nd cable tramways sooner the abundant fete use of electric power. Fig. 2 Steam donkey Steam engines film been used to power a wide array of transport appliances. Examples are steamboat, steam send off, steam yacht, steam locomotive, fireless locomotive, traction engine, steam tractor, steam wagon, steam bus, steam tricycle, steam car, steam roller, steam shovel, steam tank (tracked), steam tank ( rounded), steam catapult, regular(a) steam rocket.The Corliss steam engine, a four-valve counter period engine with separate steam access and exhaust valves, was called the most signifi dirty dogt take in in the steam engine since pack Watt. In addition to using 30% less steam it provided more uniform speed, making is well suited to manufacturing, especially cotton spinning. 8 On another hand, in Ancient Greece when girls were not at groom and boys were not working, they vie ball games with grand pigs bladders. Roman children compete with woody or clay dolls and hoops. Toys cha nged little through the centuries. In the 16th ampere- secondly children all the same layed with wooden dolls. Before the twentieth century, children had few rooks and those they did prolong were precious. Furthermore, children did not shake much time to play. Only a minority went to school just now most children were expected to help their parents doing simplex jobs well-nigh the house or in the fields. Egyptian children played similar games to the ones children play today. They in like manner played with swindles like dolls, scam changeiers, wooden animals, ball, marbles, spinning tops and knucklebones (which were thrown and twisted like dice). In the 19th century, heart and soul class girls played with wood or porcelain dolls.They also had doll houses, sit down shops and skipping ropes. Boys played with toys like marbles and toy soldiers as well as toy reads. (Some toy trains had working engines fuelled by methyl groupated spirits). They also played with toy boats. During receivedity struggle II most toy factories were turned over to war production. However in the late 20th century with the reaching of an affluent association plastic and alloy toys became much cheaper and much more roughhewn. umpteen new toys were invented in the 20th century. A assume car or toy is a elucidation representation of an automobile.Other little motor vehicles such as trucks, buses, or horizontal ATVs, etc. , are often included in the general sept of model cars. Because many were originally sold as playthings, in that respect is no tiny difference between a model car and a toy car, except the collector out of bounds became popular in the 1960s and precision detailed miniatures do peculiar(a)ally for adults are an increasing part of the market. Toys as a big line of reasoning did not begin until after the 1830s, when steamboats and steam trains better the transportation and distribution of manufacture goods.Early toy flummoxrs used wood, tin, o r scroll iron to fashion horses, soldiers, wagons, and other simple toys. miniature models of automobiles first break throughed as slush cast plaster or iron toys do in the early decades of the 1900s. throne and touch steel cars, trucks, and military vehicles followed in the 1930s and 1940s. Casting vehicles in various alloys, usually zinc (called zamac or mazac), also started during these decades and came on strong particularly after World War II. Post war, the zinc alloy vehicles became ever more popular in Europe in particular.While formed metal cars were either large scale collectors flake or smaller consumer Matchbox typesetters case-toys are do of metal and plastic, the metal used commonly is Zamak (or Mazak), an alloy of zinc and atomic fall 139, these were seen in America and they were often simple, while plastics also surged and became prominent. Tin and pressed steel came to Japan, rather late, during the 1950s and 1960s, and that country quickly moved into die- cast by the 1970s. Today, China, and other countries of Southeast Asia are the main raisers of die-cast metal European, Ameri depose, and Japanese companies. 10 Many model cars were not mean either for toys or for collecting. As early as the 1930s and perhaps earlier, the manufacturers of actual automobiles would endeavor and construct scale and full-sized models to plan new products or promote the company. sometimes styling or concept models were do out of wood or clay. Models could also be precise replicas crafted out of the same materials as the real vehicle. As time went by, some companies even draw in their own models or toys attracting the next generation to their products.Scale miniatures were in reality made for children and for them to feature an idea on how to make better miniatures or design, the researcher can make use of plastic, die-cast metal, resin, and even wood. What ever materials are used, the finished product would be a success if a great idea or design was made. By the mid-1960s, plastic model outfits had become more plentiful and varied with increase level of detail. Typically, the kits often had opening hoods, separate engines and detailed suspension parts. The mid-1960s is broadly speaking considered the golden age of plastic model car kits.In addition to building them stock, most annual kits offered 3-in-1 versions which allowed the builder to assemble the car in stock, custom, or racing form. disport in model car kits began to come down in the mid-1970s as a result of builders growing older and moving on to their pursuits. New model specific magazines sprang up, such as Scale machine Enthusiast, (now simply Scale Auto) and Model Cars Magazine. These magazines spread the word, helped advertisers, and brought modelers together from all across the country. Today, many of the classic models from the golden age of poser have been reissued.Not only does this allow modelers to build the cars the always wanted (but couldnt gra vel or afford), but it tends to lower the prices of the originals. In some cases, models of cars from the 1950s and 1960s have been issued with all-new tooling, which allows for even more detailing made possible with modern kit design and manufacturing methods. Today, model car companies are still in business, supply by a renewed interest in model car building and collecting. Modelers today can make advantage of modern technology, which includes pic etched details, dhesive chrome foil for chrome trim, wiring for engine, and billet-aluminum parts. Many builders today can take a basic kit and detail it so it resembles a real car, in miniature. The internet has also fueled a growing modeling fraternity through webwebsites, online forums and bulletin boards, and sites that host photographs, allowing the hobby to expand internationally. Related Studies When referring to technology today, many people automatically think that the referral is in regards to computers, the Internet and In formation Technology.Technology such as steam locomotion, the creation of the printing press and space travel, are all considered study(ip) forms of technology that have affected society and culture throughout history. All these technologies have huge impacts on society and culture. In considering the fact that shortly before the steam engine was invented, the favorite mode of travel was horse and buggy. The advantages brought by the steam engine immediately became apparent. Those advantages were not only accessible to individuals wishing for travel, but the transportation of goods to the securities industry had probably even more impact.Steam engine technology became a very in- chief(postnominal) cog in the societal wheel of progress, moving passengers and cargo quickly and expeditiously throughout the world, especially in Europe. Towns ripe railway stations quickly grew as people and companies wished to be near the slatternly side. The transaction then of steam engine techn ology was to bring great distances much closer together while at the same time making goods and serve more available and less expensive. though other forms of transportation now shade off steam locomotion it still has much influence over citizens lives.Sometimes the impact can be negative, especially as the force grew more aged and brittle. Steam has been used for projects like steam dirigibles. According to doubting Thomas J. Goodey, The idea of using steam (H2O in its vapor phase) as LTA lift gas either for a balloon or an airship has been suggested many times. These suggestions all appear to have remained merely theoretical, although several were quite a detailed. It appears that no full-scale trials, or even experiments, have ever been performed. Yet the idea of using steam as lift gas is attractive, although there are some obvious difficulties. 11 Obviously the non-rigid steam airship does not have the potential to discharge the helium airship in every application. Howev er the researcher thought that it go away have its niche. Specifically, the researcher thought that a steam airship would be able to satisfy the demands that hot-air airships try to satisfy but fail. The project though did not succeed. The low cost and the convenience in ground handling of a Steam dirigible forget, in this restricted operational context, more than compensate for its deficiencies. The crowd of researchers then seek to find another external site where steam is being used to make something work.And we found this project wherein it shows how steam engine is constructed. Quoted from the project, From the Research and development perspective, I have done much research on the topic of Flash Steam Engines and have seen applications where brasslike boilers power live steam engines. But these spins are not gaudy steam engines. Since the steam does not actually flash in the engines combustion chamber (or cylinder). Instead the steam will flash in the boiler dodge and r eaches the engine as common live steam. thence there is no real aim in these devices. And quite frankly a live steam engine leaves much to be desired.In terms of efficiency and operating(a) characteristics, many things may be improved in the way of valve gear. But in the end all you have is a live steam. 12 The researcher of that project also gave recommendations and gave emphasis to things that should be remembered. Direct snapshot is the preferred method used to overstep these types of engines. The DI valve thats used in the applications features a uncertain lift mechanism, this is necessary in order to throttle such engines. Initially very high pressure and or supercritical steam/water were injected into the engines. This did in fact work, but is not considered user friendly.High pressures are still used for the injected water, such as 2000psi hydrostatic pressure, derived from a pump, this is call for to maintain high rpm engine speed, the injected water does not contain super-critical energies, but is modify somewhat, such as to 400f. 13 other project said that if wood will be used as the major component, it should be noted that even if a boiler is built, the engine probably wouldnt work well. In the front man of steam the wood would swell and warp causing problems. A simple solution to this problem would be to replace the wood parts with aluminum ones. 14Over the years, steam locomotives have become a very popular image in representation of trains. Many toy trains ground on steam locomotives are made, thereby making the image iconic with trains to children. Steam Engines are still around, and they are in wide use, but most take the form of the steam turbine engine. The steam turbine is responsible for(p) for generating about 86% of the electric power used on this planet. That probably is a qualifier for current use. Steam engines, either the piston or turbine type, are used on most big ships, and there are still a few steam locomotives about. 15As for toy cars, they continue to spring up in many ways, from battery powered, to ones that use renewable energy, such as solar, water. deductive reasoning In this chapter, it has been discussed on how steam engines work, including the many fundamental methods used. It discussed what steam is and how it became very useful to our society today. It defined steam engine. It is also conjured in this chapter different advantage and disadvantages of steam engine, how it is being done and its different applications. It discussed the history of toys, how it emerged from wooden dolls to our present high-technology dolls, toy cars, etc.Lastly, the chapter also summarizes all of the studies and findings of different researchers regarding steam and steam engines. Definition of Terms Aluminum. atomic fig 13 or aluminum (US English) is a smooth-spoken white member of the boron throng of chemical elements. It has the symbol Al, and its atomic number is 13. It is not soluble in water und er normal circumstances. Aluminium is the terzetto most abundant element (after group O and silicon), and the most abundant metal, in the Earths crust. It makes up about 8% by lean of the Earths solid surface.Aluminium metal is too responsive chemically to occur natively. Instead, it is found feature in over 270 different minerals. 4 The chief ore of aluminium is bauxite. Atmospheric pressure. It is the force per unit area exerted against a surface by the weight of air above that surface in Earths atmosphere. Boiler. It is a closed vessel in which water or other fluid is heated. The heated or vaporized fluid exists the boiler for use in various processes or heating applications. Electricity. It is a general term encompassing a variety of phenomena resulting from the presence and function of electric charge.Fuel. Is any material that stores energy that can later be extracted to perform mechanical work in a controlled manner. Heat. In physics and thermodynamics, heat is energy tr ansferred from one body, region, or thermodynamic system to another due to thermal contact or thermal irradiation when the systems are at different temperatures. helium. Helium is the chemical element with atomic number 2 and an atomic weight of 4. 002602, which is equal by the symbol He. It is a colorless, odorless, tasteless, non-toxic, inert, monoatomic gas that heads the noble gas group in the periodic table.Its boiling and thawing points are the lowest among the elements and it exists only as a gas except in extreme conditions. It is the second lightest element and is the second most abundant element in the observable universe Internal combustion engine. It is an engine in which the combustion of a fuel (normally a fossil fuel) occurs with an oxidizer (usually air) in a combustion chamber. In an internal combustion engine, the expansion of the high-temperature and pressure gas produced by combustion applies transfer force to some component of the engine, such as pistons, tu rbine blades, or a nozzle. Locomotive.It is a railway vehicle that provides the motive power for a train. It was first used in the early 19th century to agnize between mobile and stationary steam engines. Machine. It manages power to accomplish a task. In common usage, the meaning is that of a device having parts that perform or incite in performing any type of work. Methylated spirits. It is a mixture of ethyl radical alcohol (95%) and methyl alcohol (5%). The methyl alcohol is poisonous and is added to prevent the methylated spirits being used as cheap drinking alcohol. Miniature. It is a model, copy, or similar representation on a very small scale.Model car. Also referred to as toy car. It is a miniature representation of an automobile. Pipe. It is a tubular share or hollow cylinder, usually but not necessarily of circular cross-section, used mainly to convey substances which can flow liquids and gases (fluids), slurries, powders, masses of small solids. Piston. It is a compo nent of reciprocating engines, reciprocating pumps, gas, compressors and pneumatic cylinders, among other similar mechanisms. In an engine, its purpose is to transfer force from expanding gas in the cylinder to the crankshaft via a piston rod and/or connecting rod.In a pump, the function is reversed and force is transferred from the crankshaft to the piston for the purpose of compressing or ejecting the fluid in the cylinder. In some engines, the piston also acts as a valve by binding and uncovering ports in the cylinder wall. Pressure. It is an effect that occurs when a force is applied on a surface. Pressure is the amount of force acting on a unit area. Rankine Cycle. It is a cycle that converts heat into work wherein the heat is supplied externally to a closed loop, which usually uses water.This cycle generates about 90% of all electric power used throughout the world, including virtually all solar thermal, biomass, coal and nuclear power plants. It is exposed after William Joh n Macquorn Rankine, a Scottish polymath. The Rankine cycle is the fundamental thermodynamic underpinning of the steam engine. Steam. It is the technical term for water vapor, the gaseous phase of water, which is formed when water boils. In common language it is often used to refer to the visible mist of water droplets formed as this water vapor condenses in the presence of cooler air. Steam boat.It is also called, steamship or steamer. It is a ship in which the primary method of propulsion is steam power, typically driving propellers or paddlewheels. Steam donkey. Steam donkey, or donkey engine is the common nickname for a steam-powered winch, or logging engine widely used in ultimo logging operations, though not limited to logging. They were also found in the mining, maritime, and roughly any other industry that needed a powered winch. Steam engine. Is a heat engine that performs mechanical work using steam as its working fluid. Steam engines are typically external combustion eng ines.Steam Locomotive. It is a locomotive that produces its power through a steam engine. The locomotive is usually fueled by a coal, wood, or oil. This fuel is burned to produce steam in a boiler, which drives the steam engine. Both fuel and water supplies are carried with the locomotive itself or in wagons pulled behind. Steam turbine engine. It is a mechanical device that extracts thermal energy from pressurized steam, and converts it into rotary motion. Its modern contemplation was invented by Sir Charles Parsons in 1884. Toy train. It is a toy that represents a train.A toy train can be as simple as a pull toy that does not even run on track, or it might be operated by clockwork or a battery. Turbine. It is a rotary engine that extracts energy from a fluid flow and converts it into useful work. Valve. It is a device that regulates, directs, or controls the flow of a fluid (gases, liquids, fluidized solids, or slurries) by opening, closing, or part obstructing various passagew ays. Water. It is a liquid at ambient conditions, but it often co-exists on Earth with its solid state, ice, and gaseous state (water vapor or steam). Zamak.Is a family of alloys with a base metal of zinc and alloying elements of aluminum, magnesium, and copper. The name zamak is an acronym of the German names for the metals of which the alloys are sedate (zinc, aluminum, magnesium, and copper). Notes 1 Noah Webster, The New Websters lexicon of the English spoken language, Lexicon Publications, Inc. , 2004, ISBN 0-7172-4692-2 2 Singh, R Paul, Introduction to Food Engineering. , 2001 Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-12-646384-2. 3 Wiser, Wendell H. Energy resources occurrence, production, conversion, use. , 2000 Birkhauser. p. 190. ISBN 9780387987446. Carl Bevelhymer, Steam, Gotham Gazette, November 10, 2003 5 American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (Fourth Edition ed. ). Houghton Mifflin Company. 2000. 6 Wiser, Wendell H. Energy resources occurrence, production, conversion , use. , 2000 Birkhauser. p. 190. ISBN 9780387987446. 7 declination 12, 2011, foremost paragraph http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Steam_donkey 8 Thomson, Ross Structures of Change in the Mechanical succession Technological Invention in the fall in Sates 1790-1865, 2009. Baltimore, MD The Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 34. ISBN 13978-0-8018-9141-0. http//www. ehow. com/how_6319749_make-diecast-model-car-kits. html 10 http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Model_car 11 http//www. flyingkettle. com/index. html 12 December 15, 2011, 5th paragraph, http//www. flashsteam. com/Steam_Engine_Project. htm 13 December 18, 2011, 1st paragraph, Jeremy W. Holmes, American Corn Burner Co. Miami, FL. USA http//www. flashsteam. com/steam_proj3. htm 14 http//www. instructables. com/id/A-Simple-Steam-Engine-Anyone-Can-Build/ 15 December 17, 2011, 1st paragraph, http//wiki. answers. com/Q/Are_steam_engines_still_being_usedixzz1aGnnptps